Yunkers Ju 87 - Junkers Ju 87
| Ju 87 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 1943 yil oktyabr oyida Ju 87Ds. | |
| Rol | Sho'ng'in bombasi |
| Ishlab chiqaruvchi | Yunkerlar |
| Birinchi parvoz | 1935 yil 17-sentyabr |
| Kirish | 1936 |
| Pensiya | 1945 (Luftwaffe) |
| Asosiy foydalanuvchilar | Luftwaffe |
| Raqam qurilgan | 6,000[a] |
The Yunkers Ju 87 yoki Stuka (dan.) Sturzkampfflugzeug, "sho'ng'in bombasi ") nemis sho'ng'in bombasi bo'lgan va quruqlikdan hujum qiluvchi samolyotlar. Loyihalashtirilgan Hermann Pohlmann, u birinchi bo'lib 1935 yilda uchgan. Ju 87 o'zining jangovar debyutini 1937 yilda Luftwaffe "s Condor Legion davomida Ispaniya fuqarolar urushi va xizmat qilgan Eksa kuchlari yilda Ikkinchi jahon urushi.
Samolyot teskari yo'nalishi bilan osongina tanib olinadi gull qanotlari va belgilangan sochilgan transport vositasi. Uning uzatilgan asosiy tishli oyoqlarining etakchi qirralariga o'rnatildi Jericho-Trompete (Erixo karnay) nola sirenalar, bo'lish tashviqot nemis belgisi havo kuchi va so'zda Blitskrig 1939-1942 yillardagi g'alabalar. Stuka dizayni bir nechta yangiliklarni o'z ichiga olgan, shu jumladan avtomatik tortish sho'ng'in tormozlari uchuvchi bo'lsa ham samolyot hujum sho'ng'inidan tiklanishini ta'minlash uchun ikkala qanot ostida qoraygan balanddan g-kuchlar.
Ju 87 samolyoti katta muvaffaqiyat bilan ishladi yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlashi va yuk tashishga qarshi Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlanganda. Bu havo hujumlariga olib keldi Polshaga bostirib kirish 1939 yil sentyabrda. Stukalar tezda bosib olinishi uchun juda muhim edi Norvegiya, Gollandiya, Belgiya va Frantsiya 1940 yilda. Garchi Stuka mustahkam, aniq va quruqlikdagi nishonlarga nisbatan juda samarali bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, o'sha davrning boshqa ko'plab sho'ng'in bombardimonchilari singari qiruvchi samolyotlarga qarshi himoyasiz edi. Davomida Britaniya jangi, uning manevrlik qobiliyati, tezligi va mudofaa qurollari yo'qligi, u samarali ishlash uchun og'ir qiruvchi eskort talab qilinishini anglatardi.
Buyuk Britaniyadagi jangdan so'ng Stuka Bolqon kampaniyasi, Afrika va O'rta er dengizi teatrlari va teatrning dastlabki bosqichlari Sharqiy front, u erni umumiy qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ishlatilgan joyda, samarali ixtisoslashgan tankga qarshi samolyotlar va yuk tashishga qarshi rolda. Luftwaffe havo ustunligini yo'qotgandan so'ng, Stuka dushman qiruvchi samolyotlari uchun oson nishonga aylandi. Yaxshi almashtirishning imkoni yo'qligi sababli 1944 yilgacha ishlab chiqarilgan. 1945 yilga kelib Foke-Vulf Fw 190 asosan Ju 87-ni almashtirgan, ammo u urush oxirigacha xizmatida bo'lgan.
Taxminan barcha versiyalarning 6500 Ju 87-lari 1936 yildan 1944 yil avgustigacha qurilgan.
Oberst Xans-Ulrix Rudel eng muvaffaqiyatli Stuka uchuvchisi va Ikkinchi Jahon urushidagi eng yuqori darajada bezatilgan nemis harbiy xizmatchisi edi.
Rivojlanish
Dastlabki dizayn
Ju 87 ning asosiy dizayneri, Hermann Pohlmann, har qanday sho'ng'in-bombardimonchi dizayni oddiy va mustahkam bo'lishi kerak degan fikrda.[1] Bu ko'plab texnik yangiliklarni keltirib chiqardi, masalan, tortib olinadigan podshipnik Stukaning o'ziga xos xususiyatlaridan biri foydasiga tashlandi, uning sobit va "sochilgan" yurishi. Polman o'zining va o'zlarining g'oyalarini rivojlantirishda va ularga qo'shilishda davom etdi Diplom Ing Karl Plaut (Plaut 1927 yil noyabr oyida uchib ketgan avariyada o'lgan) va Ju A 48 ni ishlab chiqargan, 1928 yil 29 sentyabrda sinovdan o'tgan. Ju A 48 ning harbiy versiyasi Ju K 47.[1]
Keyin Natsistlar hokimiyatga keldi, dizaynga ustuvor ahamiyat berildi. Ning dastlabki raqobatiga qaramay Henschel Hs 123, Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Germaniya aviatsiya vazirligi RLM) Herman Pohlmann dizayniga murojaat qildi Yunkerlar va K 47 dizaynerlari Karl Plaut. 1932 yilda K 47 bilan bo'lgan sinovlar paytida er-xotin vertikal stabilizatorlar orqa pulemyotni yaxshiroq qilish uchun tanishtirildi olov maydoni. Ju 87 ning asosiy xususiyati va eng o'ziga xos xususiyati uning teskari qo'shaloq shpalida edi gull qanotlari.[2]Plauth vafotidan so'ng, Pohlmann Junkers sho'ng'in bombasi ishlab chiqarishni davom ettirdi. Ju A 48 ro'yxatdan o'tgan D-ITOR, dastlab a bilan jihozlangan BMW 132 dvigatel, 450 ishlab chiqaradikVt (600 HP ). Mashinada ham jihozlangan sho'ng'in tormozlari sho'ng'in sinovlari uchun. Samolyotga yaxshi baho berildi va "juda yaxshi uchish xususiyatlarini namoyish etdi".[1]
Ernst Udet uchib ketgandan so'ng sho'ng'in-bombardimon tushunchasiga darhol yoqdi Curtiss F11C Goshawk. Qachon Walther Wever va Robert Ritter fon Greim Udet 1934 yil may oyida Jyutorbog artilleriya poligonida sinov parvozini amalga oshirishni tomosha qilishga taklif qilindi, bu sho'ng'in bombardimonchisining qobiliyatiga shubha tug'dirdi. Udet sho'ng'inini 1000 m (3300 fut) balandlikda boshladi va 1 kg (2,2 lb) bombalarini 100 m (330 fut) ga qo'yib yubordi, zo'rg'a o'zini tikladi va sho'ng'inni tortib oldi.[3] Boshlig'i Luftwaffe Qo'mondonlik ofisi Uolter Veyver va aviatsiya bo'yicha davlat kotibi Erxard Milch, bunday yuqori darajadagi asab va mahoratni "o'rtacha uchuvchilar" dan kutish mumkin emasligidan qo'rqardilar Luftwaffe.[3] Shunga qaramay, rivojlanish Yunkersda davom etdi.[3] Udetning sho'ng'in bombasi bilan "o'sib borayotgan sevgi munosabatlari" uni nemis aviatsiyasi rivojlanishida birinchi o'ringa olib chiqdi.[4] Udet bularning barchasini himoya qilishga qadar bordi o'rta bombardimonchilar sho'ng'in-bombardimon qilish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lishi kerak,[5] dastlab urush yillarida Germaniyaning front xizmatiga kirish uchun yagona bag'ishlangan, strategik og'ir bombardimonchi dizaynni mahv etgan - qanotlari 30 metr. U 177A - "o'rta burchakli" sho'ng'in-bombardimon qilish vazifalarini bajara oladigan samolyot konstruktsiyasiga ega bo'lish (Udet 1937 yil noyabr oyida uning dizayn tafsilotlarini o'rganishi sababli). Reyxsmarsxol Hermann Göring Germaniyaning yagona ishlaydigan He 177A-dan ozod qilindi og'ir bombardimonchi 1942 yil sentyabr oyida katta samolyot uchun bunday nomuvofiq missiya profilini topshirishdan.[6]
Evolyutsiya
Ju 87 ning dizayni 1933 yilda boshlangan edi Sturzbomber-dastur. Ju 87 ni inglizlar boshqarishi kerak edi Rolls-Royce Kestrel dvigatel. Yunkers tomonidan o'nta dvigatel 1934 yil 19 aprelda buyurtma qilingan £ 20,514, ikkitasi shiling va olti pens.[7]Birinchi Ju 87 prototipi tomonidan qurilgan AB Flygindustri 1934 yil oxirida Shvetsiyada va Germaniyaga yashirincha olib kelingan. 1935 yil aprel oyida qurib bitkazilishi kerak edi, ammo, samolyotning etarli kuchi bo'lmaganligi sababli, qurilish 1935 yil oktyabrgacha davom etdi. Asosan to'liq qurilgan Ju 87 V1 W.N.v 4921 (unchalik muhim bo'lmagan qismlar) o'zining birinchi parvoziga 1935 yil 17 sentyabrda ko'tarilgan. Keyinchalik samolyotga D-UBYR ro'yxatdan o'tgan.[8] Parvoz hisoboti, tomonidan Hauptmann Villi Noyenxofen, bitta muammo kichik radiator bilan bog'liq bo'lib, bu dvigatelning haddan tashqari qizib ketishiga olib keldi.[9]
Rolls-Royce Kestrel V12 silindrli suyuq sovutgichli dvigatel bilan ishlaydigan va egizak dumli bo'lgan Ju 87 V1 1936 yil 24 yanvarda Kleutsch yaqinida halokatga uchradi. Drezden, Yunkersning bosh sinov uchuvchisi Villi Noyenxofen va uning muhandisi Geynrix Kreftni o'ldirgan.[10] Kvadrat egizak suzgichlar va rullar juda kuchsizligini isbotladilar; ular qulab tushdi va samolyot sho'ng'in paytida terminal dinamik bosimni sinovdan o'tkazishda teskari aylanaga kirgandan keyin qulab tushdi.[11] Avtohalokat bitta o'zgarishga sabab bo'ldi vertikal stabilizator quyruq dizayni. Sho'ng'in paytida kuchli kuchlarga dosh berish uchun, og'ir qoplama va ramkaga bog'langan qavslar o'rnatildi. uzunroq, fyuzelyajga. Boshqa dastlabki qo'shimchalar ostida o'rnatilgan gidravlik sho'ng'in tormozlarini o'rnatishni o'z ichiga olgan etakchi chekka va 90 ° aylanishi mumkin.[12]
RLM hali ham Ju 87ga qiziqmasdi va uning ingliz dvigateliga ishonganidan taassurot qoldirmadi. 1935 yil oxirida, Yunkers moslamani taklif qildi JB 600 teskari V-12 dvigateli, so'nggi variant bilan jihozlanishi kerak Jumo 210. Bu RLM tomonidan vaqtinchalik echim sifatida qabul qilindi. Dizaynni qayta ishlash 1936 yil 1-yanvarda boshlandi. Sinov parvozi etarli samolyot yo'qligi sababli ikki oydan ortiq amalga oshirilmadi. 24-yanvarda sodir bo'lgan avtohalokat bir mashinani allaqachon yo'q qilib yuborgan edi.
Ikkinchi prototip ham dizayn muammolariga duch keldi. Uning egizak stabilizatorlari olib tashlandi va barqarorlik qo'rquvi tufayli bitta quyruq pardasi o'rnatildi. Dvigatellarning etishmasligi tufayli DB 600 o'rniga BMW "Hornet" dvigateli o'rnatildi. Bu barcha kechikishlar 1936 yil 25-fevralgacha sinovlarni o'tkazdi.[13] 1936 yil martga kelib ikkinchi prototip V2 ni o'rnatdi Jumo 210Aa bir yil o'tgach, Jumo 210 G (W.Nr. 19310) bilan almashtirildi. Sinovlar yaxshi o'tgan bo'lsa-da, uchuvchi, kapitan Hesselbax uning ishlashini yuqori baholadi, Volfram fon Rixtofen - dedi Junkers vakili va Qurilish idorasi bosh muhandisi Ernst Zindel Ju 87 Luftwaffe-ning sho'ng'in bombardimoniga aylanish uchun juda kam imkoniyatga ega edi, chunki uning fikriga ko'ra bu etarli emas edi. 1936 yil 9-iyunda RLM rivojlanishni to'xtatishga buyruq berdi Heinkel He 118, raqib dizayni. Ertasi kuni Udet buyurtmani bekor qildi va rivojlanish davom etdi.[14]
1936 yil 27-iyulda Udet He 118 prototipi He 118 V1 D-UKYMni qulatdi.[15] O'sha kuni, Charlz Lindberg tashrif buyurgan edi Ernst Xaynkel, shuning uchun Heinkel Udet bilan faqat telefon orqali bog'lanishlari mumkin edi. Hikoyaning ushbu versiyasiga ko'ra, Heinkel Udetni parvona nozikligi haqida ogohlantirgan. Udet buni ko'rib chiqa olmadi, shuning uchun sho'ng'in paytida dvigatel haddan oshib ketdi va parvona buzilib ketdi.[16] Ushbu voqeadan so'ng darhol Udet Stuka-ni rivojlanish tanlovi g'olibini e'lon qildi.[15]
Aniqlashlar
Tanlanganiga qaramay, dizayn hali ham etishmayotgan edi va Volfram fon Rixtofen tomonidan tez-tez tanqidlarga uchradi. 1937 yil boshida V4 prototipini (A Ju 87 A-0) sinovdan o'tkazishda bir nechta muammolar aniqlandi. Ju 87 250 m (820 fut) ga ko'tarilib, sakkiz daqiqada 1,875 m (6,152 fut) ga 250 kg (550 lb) bomba yuk bilan ko'tarilishi mumkin edi va uning sayohat tezligi 250 km / soat (160 milya) edi. Richthofen kuchliroq dvigatelni qidirib topdi.[17] Sinov uchuvchilariga ko'ra Heinkel He 50 tezlashuv tezligi yaxshiroq bo'lgan va dushman quruqlikdan va havo hujumidan himoyalanishdan qochib, nishon maydonidan tezroq ko'tarilardi. Rixtofen ushbu sabablarga ko'ra 350 km / soat (220 milya) dan past bo'lgan har qanday maksimal tezlik qabul qilinishi mumkin emasligini aytdi. Uchuvchilar, shuningdek, navigatsiya va elektrostansiya asboblari bir-biriga aralashganidan, ayniqsa, jangda o'qish oson emasligidan shikoyat qildilar. Shunga qaramay, uchuvchilar samolyotni boshqarish sifatlari va kuchli samolyot panelini yuqori baholadilar.[18]
Ushbu muammolar DB 600 dvigatelini o'rnatish orqali hal qilinishi kerak edi, ammo rivojlanishning kechikishi Jumo 210 D teskari V-12 dvigatelini o'rnatishga majbur qildi. Parvoz sinovlari 1936 yil 14-avgustda boshlandi. Keyingi sinovlar va taraqqiyot Rixtofendan umidvor bo'lib qolmadi, garchi mashinaning tezligi er sathida 280 km / soat (170 milya) ga va 1250 m (4100) da 290 km / soat (180 milya) ga ko'tarilgan bo'lsa ham. yaxshi ishlash qobiliyatini saqlab, shu bilan birga ft).[19]
Dizayn
Asosiy dizayn (B seriyasi asosida)
Ju 87 yagona motorli butun metall edi konsol monoplan. Bu aniq edi transport vositasi va ikki kishilik ekipajni ko'tarishi mumkin edi. Asosiy qurilish materiali edi duralumin va tashqi qoplamalar duralumin qatlamidan qilingan. Kabi kuchli qurilish talab qilingan qismlar, masalan qanot qanotlari, Pantal (nemis) dan qilingan alyuminiy qotishma elementi sifatida titan o'z ichiga olgan qotishma) va uning tarkibiy qismlari Elektron. Og'ir stressni talab qiladigan murvatlar va ehtiyot qismlar po'latdan yasalgan.[20]
Ju 87-ga texnik xizmat ko'rsatish va kapital ta'mirlashni osonlashtirish uchun olinadigan lyuklar va olinadigan qoplamalar o'rnatildi. Dizaynerlar bu narsadan qochishdi payvandlash iloji boricha ehtiyot qismlar, o'rniga kalıplanmış va quyma qismlarni afzal qiling. Katta samolyot segmentlari to'liq birlik sifatida almashtirildi, bu esa ta'mirlash tezligini oshirdi.[20]
Samolyot kassasi shuningdek, avtoulov yoki temir yo'l orqali tashish uchun bo'limlarga bo'lingan. Qanotlari standart Junkers ikki qanotli konstruktsiyasidan edi. Bu Ju 87-ga havoga ko'tarilishida katta ustunlik berdi; sayoz burchak ostida ham katta ko'tarish kuchlari aerofoil, uchish va tushishni qisqartirish.[20]
"Stress guruhi 5" uchun samolyotlarni sertifikatlash markaziga muvofiq, Ju 87 sho'ng'in bombasi uchun qabul qilinadigan konstruktiv kuch talablariga erishdi. U sho'ng'in tezligiga 600 km / soat (370 milya) va maksimal darajadagi tezligi 340 km / soat (210 milya) ga er sathiga va uchish og'irligi 4300 kg (9,500 funt) ga bardosh bera oldi. Sho'ng'in hujumida ishlash har bir qanot ostiga sho'ng'in tormozlari kiritilishi bilan yaxshilandi, bu Ju 87-ga doimiy tezlikni saqlab qolish va uchuvchiga maqsadini barqaror qilish imkonini berdi. Bu shuningdek ekipajning haddan tashqari azoblanishiga to'sqinlik qildi g kuchlari va sho'ng'ishdan "tortib olish" paytida yuqori tezlashuv.[20]
Fyuzelyaj oval tasavvurga ega bo'lib, ko'pgina misollarda a Yunkers Jumo 211 suv bilan sovutilgan teskari V-12 dvigatel. Kokpit dvigateldan yonilg'i baklari joylashgan qanot markaz qismidan oldin xavfsizlik devori bilan himoyalangan. Samolyot kabinasining orqa tomonida a kanvas ekipaj tomonidan favqulodda vaziyatda buzilishi mumkin bo'lgan qopqoq, asosiy fyuzelyajga qochib ketishiga imkon beradi. Soyabon ikki qismga bo'linib, mustahkam payvandlangan temir ramka bilan birlashtirildi. Soyabonning o'zi yasalgan Pleksiglas va har bir bo'limda ikkita ekipaj a'zolari uchun o'zlarining "toymasin qopqog'i" bo'lgan.[20]
Dvigatel ikkita quvurli qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan ikkita asosiy qo'llab-quvvatlash ramkalariga o'rnatildi struts. Karkas tuzilishi uchburchak shaklga keltirilib, fyuzelyajdan chiqarildi. Asosiy ramkalar dvigatelning yuqori qismiga mahkamlangan. O'z navbatida, ramkalar xavfsizlik devoriga biriktirilgan universal bo'g'inlar. Xavfsizlik devori o'zi qurilgan asbest ikkala tomonning dural choyshablari bilan mash. O'tkazib yuboriladigan barcha suv o'tkazgichlari kabinaga zararli gazlar kirib kelmasligi uchun tartibga solinishi kerak edi.[21]
Yoqilg'i tizimi portning (ichki) anhedral qanot qismining asosiy (oldinga) va orqa shpallari va har biri 240 litr hajmli (63 AQSh gall) svetofor qanotlari orasidagi ikkita yonilg'i idishidan iborat edi.[22] Tanklarning oldindan belgilangan chegarasi ham bor edi, agar u o'tib ketsa, uchuvchini kabinadagi qizil signal nuri orqali ogohlantiradi. The yoqilg'i AOK qilingan tanklardan dvigatelga nasos orqali. Agar bu o'chirilsa, uni yonilg'i xo'rozidagi qo'l nasos yordamida qo'lda pompalamoq mumkin armatura.[21] Elektr stansiyasi pervanel va dvigatel o'rtasida joylashgan 10 litrli (2,6 AQSh gal) halqa shaklidagi alyuminiy suv idishi bilan sovutilgan. Dvigatel ostida yana 20 litrlik (5,3 AQSh gal) konteyner joylashtirilgan.[21]
Tekshirish sirtlari boshqa samolyotlarga o'xshab ishladi, faqat innovatsion avtomatik tortib olish tizimi bundan mustasno. Bomba chiqarilganda sho'ng'in tormozlari burilib ketgandan so'ng, tortib olinish yoki avtomatik tiklanish va ko'tarilish boshlandi. Uchuvchi boshqaruv ustuniga katta kuch sarflab va qo'lda boshqarishni o'z ichiga olgan holda tizimni bekor qilishi mumkin.[23]
Qanot eng noodatiy xususiyat edi. U bitta markaziy qismdan va to'rtta universal bo'g'inlar yordamida o'rnatilgan ikkita tashqi qismdan iborat edi. Markaziy bo'lim katta salbiyga ega edi dihedral (anhedral) va tashqi yuzalar ijobiy dihedral. Bu yaratdi teskari martaba, yoki "krank", qanot etakchi chet bo'ylab naqsh. Qanot shakli uchuvchining yerdan ko'rinishini yaxshilab, pastki qism balandligini ham qisqartirdi. Markaziy qism ikki tomondan atigi 3 m (9 fut 10 dyuym) ga chiqib ketgan.[23]
Hujumli qurol ikki 7.92 mm (.312 dyuym) MG 17 pulemyotlari mexanik tomonidan boshqariladigan pastki qismning har bir qanotiga bittadan o'rnatilgan pnevmatik tizim uchuvchining boshqaruv ustunidan. Orqa pulemyot / radio operatori 7,92 mm (.312 dyuym) bilan ishlaydi. MG 15 avtomati mudofaa maqsadida.[20]
Dvigatel va pervanelda avtomatik boshqaruv mavjud edi va uchuvchi o'z sho'ng'iniga o'girilib, samolyotni dumini og'irlashtirdi, u kabinaning yon oynasida ufq bilan 60 °, 75 ° yoki 80 ° qizil chiziqlarni birlashtirdi va sobit qurolni ko'rish bilan maqsadga yo'naltirish. Og'ir bomba pervaneldan bo'shatilgunga qadar qo'ltiq ostiga tushirilgan.[24]
Sho'ng'in jarayoni
4600 m (15100 fut) balandlikda uchgan uchuvchi samolyot kabinasidagi bomba ko'rish oynasi orqali maqsadini aniqladi. Uchuvchi sho'ng'in qo'lini orqaga o'tkazib, boshqaruv ustunining "uloqtirishini" cheklab qo'ydi.[25] Sho'ng'in tormozlari avtomatik ravishda ishga tushirildi, uchuvchi trim yorliqlarini o'rnatdi, gazini qisqartirdi va sovutish suvi qopqog'ini yopdi. Keyin samolyot 180 ° dumalab, samolyotni sho'ng'in ichiga avtomatik ravishda burab qo'ydi. Uchuvchi uchun vizual indikator sifatida qanotning yuqori sathlaridan qizil yorliqlar chiqib turardi, a g-chaqirilgan qorayish, sho'ng'inni avtomatik tiklash tizimi faollashtiriladi. Stuka 60-90 ° burchak ostida sho'ng'idi, shoshilinch tormoz tizimining o'rnatilishi tufayli doimiy ravishda 500-600 km / soat (350-370 milya) tezlikni ushlab turdi, bu esa Ju 87 nishonining aniqligini oshirdi.[25]
Samolyot maqsadga yaqin bo'lganida, kontaktda yorug'lik balandlik o'lchagich (oldindan o'rnatilgan balandlikda qo'zg'atadigan elektr kontakt bilan jihozlangan balandlik o'lchagich) bomba chiqarish nuqtasini ko'rsatishga kirishdi, odatda kamida 450 m balandlikda (1,480 fut). Uchuvchi bomba qo'yib yubordi va boshqaruv ustunidagi tugmachani bosib avtomatik tortib olish mexanizmini ishga tushirdi.[25] Fyuzelyaj ostida joylashgan U shaklidagi cho'zinchoq tayoq bombani pervaneldan chiqarib yubordi va samolyot avtomatik ravishda 6g tortib olmoq.[25] Burun ufqdan yuqoriga ko'tarilgandan so'ng, sho'ng'in tormozlari tortib olindi, gaz kelebeği ochildi va pervanel ko'tarilishni o'rnatdi. Uchuvchi boshqaruvni tiklab, normal parvozni davom ettirdi. Haddan tashqari issiqlikning oldini olish uchun sovutish suyuqligining qopqog'ini tezda ochish kerak edi. Avtomatik tortib olish barcha uchuvchilarga yoqmadi. Helmut Mahlke keyinchalik u va uning bo'linmasi tizimni uzib qo'yishdi, chunki bu dushmanga Ju 87 ning tiklanish tartibi va balandligini bashorat qilishiga imkon berdi, bu esa yerdan himoya qilish uchun samolyotni urishni osonlashtirdi.[26]
Ekipajdagi jismoniy stress og'ir edi. 5 g dan ortiq o'tirgan odam zarar ko'radi kulrang parda shaklida ko'rish qobiliyatining buzilishi Stuka uchuvchilari "yulduzlarni ko'rish" nomi bilan tanilgan. Ular hushyor holda ko'rish qobiliyatini yo'qotadilar; besh soniyadan keyin ular qorayadi. Ju 87 uchuvchilari sho'ng'in paytida "tortishish" paytida ko'rish qobiliyatini engillashtirdilar.[27]
Erik "Vinkl" Braun RN, Britaniyalik sinov uchuvchisi va qo'mondonlik ofitseri № 1426 parvoz RAF (qo'lga olingan dushman samolyoti Parvoz), Ju 87 ni sinovdan o'tkazdi Farnboro RAE. U Stuka haqida shunday dedi: "Men juda ko'p uchgan edim sho'ng'in-bombardimonchilar va siz vertikal ravishda chindan ham sho'ng'iy oladigan yagona narsa. Ba'zan sho'ng'in-bombardimonchilar bilan ... maksimal sho'ng'ish odatda 60 daraja tartibda bo'ladi ... Stuka uchayotganda, hammasi avtomatik bo'lgani uchun, siz haqiqatdan ham vertikal ravishda uchasiz ... Stuka o'z sinfida edi. "[28]
Dessauda G-quvvat sinovi
Yunkers tomonidan keng ko'lamli sinovlar o'tkazildi Dessau o'simlik. Uchuvchi uch soniya davomida eng yuqori yuk 8,5 g ni tashkil etishi aniqlandi, samolyot markazdan qochiruvchi kuchlar tomonidan o'z chegarasiga etkazildi. 4 g dan kam bo'lganida, vizual muammolar yoki ongni yo'qotish boshdan kechirilmagan.[29] 6 g dan yuqori bo'lgan uchuvchilarning 50% ingl kulrang. 40% bilan ko'rish 7,5 g dan yuqoriga ko'tarilib, ba'zida qorayish paydo bo'ldi.[30] Ushbu ko'r-ko'rona qaramay, uchuvchi ongni ushlab tura oldi va "tanadagi reaktsiyalar" ga qodir edi. Uch soniyadan ko'proq vaqt o'tgach, sub'ektlarning yarmi muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi. Uchuvchi markazdan qochiruvchi kuchlar 3 g dan pastga tushib, uch soniyadan ko'proq davom etgandan so'ng, ikki-uch soniyadan keyin o'ziga keladi. Yalang'och holatda uchuvchilar 7,5 g ga bardosh bera olishdi va qisqa vaqt davomida ishlashga qodir edilar. Ushbu lavozimda Yunkers shunday xulosaga keldi2⁄3 uchuvchilar uch-besh soniya davomida 8 g va ehtimol 9 g ni ko'rish nuqsonlarisiz ushlab tura olishdi, bu urush sharoitida maqbul edi.[31] Ju 87 A-2 bilan o'tkazilgan sinovlar paytida g ta'sirini kamaytirish uchun yangi texnologiyalar sinab ko'rildi. Ushbu tadqiqot davomida bosim ostida idishni katta ahamiyatga ega edi. Sinovlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, balandlikda, hatto 2 gramm ham bosimsiz idishda va tegishli kiyimsiz o'limga olib kelishi mumkin. Ushbu yangi texnologiya maxsus kiyim va kislorodli niqoblar bilan birgalikda o'rganilib, sinovdan o'tkazildi. Qachon Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi 1945 yil 21 aprelda Dessauda joylashgan Junkers fabrikasini egallab oldi, ular Ju 87 bilan tibbiy parvoz sinovlaridan hayratda qolishdi va qiziqishdi.[31]
Boshqa dizaynlar
Sho'ng'in bombasi tushunchasi Luftwaffe rahbariyati orasida juda mashhur bo'lib, yangi samolyot dizaynlarida deyarli majburiy bo'lib qoldi. Keyinchalik shunga o'xshash bombardimonchilarning modellari Yunkers Ju 88 va Dornier Do 217 sho'ng'in bombasi uchun jihozlangan. Dastlab Heinkel He 177 strategik bombardimonchisi sho'ng'inni bombardimon qilish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lishi kerak edi, bu dizayn muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishiga yordam berdi,[32] 1942 yil sentyabrgacha Gyoring tomonidan bekor qilinmagan talab bilan.[6]
Stuka barcha jabhalarda jangchilar qarama-qarshiligiga juda zaif bo'lib qolgandan so'ng, uning o'rnini bosish bo'yicha ishlar olib borildi. Urush va texnologik qiyinchiliklar ta'siri tufayli chizilgan taxtadagi maxsus yordam loyihalarining hech biri uzoqqa bormadi. Shunday qilib, Luftwaffe qaror qildi Foke-Vulf Fw 190 qiruvchi samolyotlar, Fw 190F yerga hujum versiyasiga aylandi. 1948 yilda Fw 190F Ju 87-ni kunduzgi vazifalar bilan almashtira boshladi, ammo Ju 87 urush oxiriga qadar tungi bezovtalanuvchi sifatida foydalanishda davom etdi.[33]
Variantlar
Ju 87A
Ikkinchi prototipda qayta tiklangan bitta vertikal stabilizator va 610 PS (601,7 ot kuchi; 448,7 kVt) Jumo 210 A dvigateli o'rnatildi va keyinchalik Jumo 210Da o'rnatildi. A-0 seriyasining birinchi varianti barcha metall konstruktsiyalarga ega bo'lib, "issiqxona" ning yaxshi ramkali soyabon ostida yopiq kokpit mavjud edi; uning orqa uchastkalarida egizak radiostansiyalarni yotqizish, samolyotning planform markazining har ikki tomoniga diagonal o'rnatilgan va -A versiyasiga xosdir. Ommaviy ishlab chiqarishdagi qiyinchiliklarni engillashtirish uchun qanotning etakchi qirrasi tekislandi va aileronlar Ikki aerofoil bo'limlarning silliq etakchi va orqadagi qirralari bor edi. Uchuvchi uchish paytida lift va rul trim yorliqlarini rostlashi mumkin edi, va quyruq aileronlar va fyuzelyaj o'rtasida ikki qismga joylashtirilgan qo'nish qopqog'iga ulangan edi. Shuningdek, A-0 samolyotida yassi dvigatel kovling bor edi, bu esa uchuvchiga ko'rish qobiliyatini ancha oshirdi. Dvigatelning kovulini tekislash uchun dvigatel deyarli 0,25 m (9,8 dyuym) ga o'rnatildi. Qurol beruvchining pozitsiyasi bilan birga fyuzelyaj ham tushirildi, bu esa o'q otuvchiga yanada yaxshi olov maydonini yaratishga imkon berdi.[34]
RLM dastlab ettita A-0 samolyotiga buyurtma bergan, ammo keyin buyurtmani 11 ga etkazgan. 1937 yil boshida A-0 turli xil bomba yuklari bilan sinovdan o'tkazildi. Fon Rixtofen ta'kidlaganidek, kuchga ega bo'lmagan Jumo 210A etarli emas edi va tezda Jumo 210D dvigateliga almashtirildi.[34]
A-1 A-0 dan bir oz farq qildi.[35] Jumo 210D-ni o'rnatish bilan bir qatorda, A-1 ning ichki qanotiga ikkita 220 l (58 AQSh gal; 48 imp gal) yonilg'i baklari o'rnatilgan, ammo u zirhli yoki himoyalanmagan.[35] A-1-ga qanotlarida to'rtta 7,92 mm (0,312 dyuym) MG 17 pulemyotlari o'rnatilishi ko'zda tutilgan edi, ammo ularning ikkitasi - har biri yon tomoni - og'irlik sababli tashlab qo'yilgan; qolgan juftlik, jami 500 ta o'q-dorilar bilan oziqlangan, ular dizaynning o'ziga xos ko'ndalang tirgakli, katta planformli ichki "ishton" ida saqlangan, Ju 87B versiyalarida ishlatilmagan va undan keyin. Uchuvchi Revi C 21C qurolini ikkita MG 17 samolyotiga ishongan. Gunnerda 7,92 mm (0,312 dyuym) MG 15 bor edi, ularning har biri 75 o'qdan iborat 14 barabanli o'q-dorilar bilan. Bu Ju 87 A-0 ga nisbatan ushbu sohada 150 turga ko'payganligini namoyish etdi. A-1-ga kattaroq 3,3 m (11 fut) pervanel o'rnatildi.[35]
Ju 87 500 kg (1100 funt) bomba ko'tarishga qodir edi, ammo faqat Jumo 210D bilan birga, orqa qurolli / radio operatorni olib yurmasa ham, Ju 87 250 kg dan ortiq operatsiyalar uchun kuchsiz edi ( 550 lb) bomba yuki. Barcha Ju 87 As 250 kg (550 funt) qurol bilan cheklangan (garchi bu davrda bo'lsa ham Ispaniya fuqarolar urushi missiyalar qurolsiz amalga oshirildi).[36]
Ju 87 A-2, ikki bosqichli Jumo 210Da bilan jihozlangan super zaryadlovchi. A-1 va A-2 o'rtasidagi yagona muhim farq H-PA-III edi boshqariladigan pervanel.[37] 1938 yil o'rtalariga kelib Dessau shahridagi Junkers zavodidan 192 dona 262 Ju 87 As ishlab chiqarilgan va undan 70 dan Vezer Flugzeugbau ("Weserflug" - WFG) ichida Lemwerder Bremen yaqinida. Ju 87A o'rnini yangi, yanada kuchli, Ju 87B modeli egallay boshladi.[38]
Prototiplar[39]
- Ju 87 V1 : W.Nr 4921. 17 sentyabr 1935 yilda uchib ketgan
- Ju 87 V2 : W.Nr 4922, ro'yxatdan o'tish D-IDQR. 1936 yil 25-fevralda uchib ketdi. 1937 yil 4-iyunda yana D-UHUH ro'yxatdan o'tkazildi
- Ju 87 V3 : W.Nr 4923. 1936 yil 27 martda uchib ketgan
- Ju 87 V4 : W.Nr 4924. 1936 yil 20-iyunda uchib ketgan
- Ju 87 V5 : W.Nr 4925. 1936 yil 14-avgustda uchib ketgan
Ishlab chiqarish variantlari
- Ju 87 A-0 : 640 PS (471 kVt yoki 632 ot kuchiga ega) Jumo 210C dvigateli bilan jihozlangan o'nta ishlab chiqarish samolyoti.[40]
- Ju 87 A-1 : Dastlabki ishlab chiqarish versiyasi.
- Ju 87 A-2 : Ishlab chiqarish versiyasi yaxshilangan 680 PS (500 kVt yoki 670 ot kuchiga ega) Jumo 210E dvigateli bilan jihozlangan.
Ju 87B
Ju 87 B seriyasi birinchi ommaviy ishlab chiqarilgan variant bo'lishi kerak edi. Ju 87 An samolyotidan qurilgan jami oltita Ju 87 B-0 ishlab chiqarildi.[41] Birinchi ishlab chiqarish versiyasi Ju 87 B-1 bo'lib, uning dvigateli ancha kattaroq, uning Jumo 211D 1200 PS (883 kVt yoki 1,184 ot kuchiga ega) ishlab chiqaradi va "A" ning egizak radiostansiyalarini almashtirib, fyuzelyaji va qo'nish uskunasini to'liq qayta ishlab chiqardi. bitta ustunli "iliqxona" soyaboniga oldinga o'rnatilgan va -B versiyasidan boshlab ancha sodda, engilroq g'ildirak "spat" lari, "A" versiyasining maxfiy dizaynidagi ko'ndalang bog'lashni bekor qiladi. Ushbu yangi dizayn yana Ispaniyada sinovdan o'tkazildi va u erda o'z qobiliyatini isbotlaganidan so'ng, ishlab chiqarish oyiga 60 tagacha ko'tarildi. Natijada, kelib chiqishi bilan Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Luftwaffe qo'lida 336 Ju 87 B-1 bo'lgan.[25]
B-1-da, asosan, "Jericho karnaylari" o'rnatilgan edi sirenalar diametri 0,7 m (2,3 fut) bo'lgan pervanellar tomonidan boshqariladi[42] qanotning old tomoniga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qo'nish moslamasining old tomoniga yoki mahkamlangan asosiy vites qutilarining old chetiga o'rnatiladi. Bu dushman ruhiyatini zaiflashtirish va sho'ng'in bombardimonini qo'rqitish uchun ishlatilgan. Qurilmalar tortishish natijasida 20-25 km / soat (10-20 milya) tezlikni yo'qotishiga olib keldi va vaqt o'tishi bilan sirenalar ko'plab bloklarga o'rnatilmadi, garchi ular har xil darajada ishlatilgan bo'lsa ham. Shu bilan bir qatorda, ba'zi bomba bo'shatilgandan keyin shovqin hosil qilish uchun finda hushtak o'rnatilgan edi.[43] Karnaylar Udetning taklifi edi (lekin ba'zi mualliflar bu g'oya kelib chiqqan deb aytishadi Adolf Gitler ).[44]
Ju 87 B-2 samolyotlari biroz yaxshilangan va chang'ida jihozlangan versiyalarni o'z ichiga olgan bir nechta variantlarda ishlab chiqarilgan (B-1 ham ushbu modifikatsiyaga ega)[45] va boshqa tomondan, Ju 87 B-2 trop deb nomlangan tropik operatsiya to'plami bilan. Italiyaning Regia Aeronautica B-2 olgan va ularga "Picchiatello" deb nom bergan, boshqalari esa boshqa a'zolarning oldiga borishgan Eksa jumladan, Vengriya, Bolgariya va Ruminiya. B-2, shuningdek, yopilish uchun yog 'gidravlik tizimiga ega edi kovling qopqoqlari. Bu keyingi barcha dizaynlarda davom etdi.[46]
Ju 87 B rusumli ishlab chiqarish 1937 yilda boshlangan. 89 ta B-1 Dessau shahridagi Yunkers fabrikasida, yana 40 tasi Lemverderdagi Weserflug zavodida 1937 yil iyulga qadar qurilishi kerak edi. 1938 yil aprel oyidan keyin Weserflug kompaniyasi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilishi kerak edi. ammo Yunkers Ju 87 ni 1940 yil martigacha ishlab chiqarishda davom etdi.[47]
Ju 87R
Ju 87B deb nomlangan uzoq masofali Ju 87B versiyasi ham qurilgan bo'lib, bu harf qisqartmasi bo'lgan Reyxvayt, "(operatsion) diapazon". Ular birinchi navbatda yuk tashishga qarshi missiyalar uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Ju 87R samolyotida qo'shimcha neft idishi va tashqi qanot stantsiyalariga yonilg'i quyish liniyalari bo'lgan B seriyali samolyot bor edi. tomchi tanklar, Luftwaffe samolyotlari tomonidan urushning ko'p qismida ishlatilgan. Bu yonilg'i hajmini 1,080 litrgacha (290 AQSh gal) oshirdi (asosiy yoqilg'i bakida 500 litr, shundan 480 litr foydalanish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan + 600 litr tushirish baklaridan). Haddan tashqari yuklanish holatlarini oldini olish uchun, samolyot yonilg'i bilan to'liq to'ldirilgan bo'lsa, bomba tashish qobiliyati ko'pincha bitta 250 kg (550 lb) bomba bilan cheklangan.
Ju 87 R-1 samolyotida B-1 samolyoti bor edi, faqat fyuzelyajdagi modifikatsiya bundan mustasno edi, bu esa qo'shimcha neft tankiga imkon berdi. Bu qo'shimcha yonilg'i baklari bilan jihozlarning ko'payishi sababli dvigatelni oziqlantirish uchun o'rnatildi.[48]
Ju 87 R-2 samolyoti B-2 bilan bir xil bo'lgan va 600 km / soat (370 milya) sho'ng'inlarga bardosh bera olishini ta'minlash uchun mustahkamlangan. Jumo 211D in-layn dvigatel o'rnatildi, R-1s Jumo 211A o'rnini egalladi.[48] Umumiy og'irlikning 700 kg (1500 lb) ga ko'payishi tufayli Ju 87 R-2 Ju 87 B-1 ga qaraganda 30 km / soat (19 milya) sekinroq edi va xizmat ko'rsatish darajasi pastroq edi. Ju 87 R-2 samolyotining 360 km (220 milya) masofadagi ustunligi oshirildi.[47] R-3 va R-4 so'nggi R variantlari bo'lgan. Faqat bir nechtasi qurilgan. R-3 planerlar uchun eksperimental arqon edi va kengaytirilgan radio tizimga ega edi, shu sababli ekipaj planer ekipaji bilan tortib oluvchi arqon orqali aloqa o'rnatishi mumkin edi. R-4 Jum-211J elektrostantsiyasida R-2 dan farq qildi.[49]
Ma'lum prototiplar[50]
- Ju 87 V6 : W.Nr 0870027. 1937 yil 14-iyunda uchib ketgan (A-0 dan B-0 ga aylantirish)
- Ju 87 V7 : W.Nr 0870028. Ju 87B prototipi, 1000 PS (735 kVt yoki 986 ot kuchiga ega) Jumo 211A tomonidan quvvatlanadi. 1937 yil 23-avgustda uchgan (A-0 dan B-0gacha konvertatsiya qilish)
- Ju 87 V8 : W.Nr 4926. 1937 yil 11-noyabrda uchib ketgan
- Ju 87 V9 : W.Nr 4927. 1938 yil 16-fevralda D-IELZ sifatida uchgan. 1939 yil 16-oktyabrda yana WL-IELZ sifatida parvoz qildi
- Ju 87 V15: W.Nr 0870321. Ro'yxatdan o'tish D-IGDK. 1942 yilda halokatga uchragan.
- Ju 87 V16: W.Nr 0870279. Stammkennzeichen GT + AX kodi.
- Ju 87 V17 va Ju 87 V18 hech qachon qurilmagan bo'lishi mumkin.[41]
Ju 87C
1937 yil 18-avgustda RLM Ju 87 Tr (C) ni chiqarishga qaror qildi. Ju 87 C sho'ng'in va torpedo bombardimonchisi uchun Kriegsmarine. Ushbu turdagi prototip ishlab chiqarishga buyurtma berildi va 1938 yil yanvar oyida sinovdan o'tkazilishi mumkin edi. Sinovlarga ikki oy berildi va 1938 yil fevralda boshlanib, aprelda tugashi kerak edi.[51] V10 prototipi sobit qanotli sinov samolyoti bo'lishi kerak edi, keyingi V11 esa o'zgartirilishi kerak edi katlanadigan qanotlar. Prototiplar Jumo 211 A dvigatellari bilan ishlaydigan Ju 87 B-0 samolyotlari edi.[51] Kechikishlar tufayli V10 1938 yil martigacha tugatilmagan. U birinchi marta 17 martda uchgan va Ju 87 C-1 deb nomlangan.[51] 12-may kuni V11 ham birinchi marta parvoz qildi. 1939 yil 15-dekabrga qadar quruqlikka 915 ta hibsga olingan qo'nish amalga oshirildi. Bu aniqlandi ushlash moslamasi vinç juda zaif edi va uni almashtirish kerak edi. Sinovlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, o'rtacha tormoz masofasi 20-35 metrni tashkil qiladi (66–115 fut).[52] Ju 87 V11 1938 yil 8-oktabrda C-0 deb nomlangan. Unga standart Ju 87 C-0 uskunalari va yaxshi qanotlarni katlama mexanizmlari o'rnatilgan edi. "Stuka tashuvchisi" 1940 yil aprel va iyul oylari orasida Weserflug Company kompaniyasining Lemwerder zavodida qurilishi kerak edi.[53]
Ju 87 C rusumidagi "maxsus" uskunalar orasida ikki o'rindiqli kauchuk ham bor edi qayiq otashin qurol, signal o'q-dorilar va boshqa favqulodda materiallar bilan. Tez yonilg'i quyish mexanizmi va har bir qanotda ikkita havo o'tkazuvchan 750 L (200 AQSh gal) sumkasi va yana ikkita 500 L (130 AQSh gal) fyuzelyajdagi yukxalta Ju 87 C ni uch kun davomida tinch dengizda ushlab turishga imkon berdi. .[53] 1939 yil 6-oktabrda, allaqachon urush boshlanib, o'sha paytda buyurtma bo'yicha rejalashtirilgan Ju 87 Tr (C) ning 120 tasi bekor qilindi. Bekor qilinganiga qaramay, katapultalar yordamida testlar davom ettirildi. Ju 87 C samolyotining parvoz paytida og'irligi 5300 kg (11,700 funt) va tezligi 133 km / soat (83 milya) bo'lgan. Ju 87 fyuzelyaj ostida SC 500 kg (1100 funt) bomba va to'rtta SC 50 kg (110 funt) bomba bilan uchirilishi mumkin. C-1 samolyotda orqa MG 15 bilan boshqariladigan ikkita MG 17 samolyoti bo'lishi kerak edi. 1940 yil 18-mayda C-1 ishlab chiqarish R-1 ga o'tkazildi.[54]
Ma'lum prototiplar[50]
- Ju 87 V10: Ro'yxatdan o'tish D-IHFH (o'zgartirilgan Stammkennzeichen TK + HD). W.Nr 4928. Birinchi marta 1938 yil 17 martda parvoz qilingan
- Ju 87 V11: Stammkennzeichen TV + OV. W.Nr 4929. Birinchi marta 1938 yil 12-mayda parvoz qilingan
Ju 87D
Stuka dushman jangchilariga nisbatan zaifligiga qaramay, davomida fosh etildi Britaniya jangi, Luftwaffe o'z rivojlanishini davom ettirishdan boshqa iloji yo'q edi, chunki uning o'rniga boshqa samolyot yo'q edi.[55] Natijada D seriyasi paydo bo'ldi. 1941 yil iyun oyida RLM beshta prototipni, Ju 87 V21-25 ni buyurtma qildi. A Daimler-Benz DB 603 elektrostantsiya Ju 87 D-1 ga o'rnatilishi kerak edi, ammo u Jumo 211 kuchiga ega emas edi va sinovlar paytida "yomon" ishladi va tashlab yuborildi.[56] Ju 87 D seriyasida qanotlarning ichki qismlari ostida ikkita sovutish suyuqligi radiatorlari joylashtirilgan edi, yog 'sovutgich esa ilgari bitta, pastroq "chin" sovutish radiatori egallab turgan joyga ko'chirildi. D-seriyasida aerodinamik jihatdan tozalangan kokpit ham yaxshi ko'rinadigan va bo'shliqqa ega bo'lgan.[57] Zirhdan himoya kuchaytirildi va yangi ikki barreli 7,92 mm (.312 dyuym) MG 81Z avtomati o'tning o'ta yuqori tezligi bilan orqa mudofaa holatiga o'rnatildi. Dvigatel quvvati yana oshirildi, endi Jumo 211J 1420 PS (1044 kVt yoki 1400 ot kuchiga ega) quvvatini beradi.[57]Bomb carrying ability was nearly quadrupled from 500 kg (1,100 lb) in the B-version to 1,800 kg (4,000 lb) in the D-version (max. load for short ranges, overload condition), a typical bomb load ranged from 500–1,200 kg (1,100–2,600 lb).[58]
The internal fuel capacity of the Ju 87D was raised to 800 L (of which 780 L were usable) by adding wing tanks while retaining the option to carry two 300 L drop tanks. Sinovlar Rechlin-Lärz aerodromi revealed it made possible a flight duration of 2 hours and 15 minutes. With an extra two 300 L (80 US gal) fuel tanks, it could achieve four hours flight time.[57]
The D-2 was a variant used as a glider tug by converting older D-series airframes. It was intended as the tropical version of the D-1 and had heavier armour to protect the crew from ground fire. The armour reduced its performance and caused the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe to "place no particular value on the production of the D-2".[57] The D-3 was an improved D-1 with more armour for its ground-attack role. Some Ju 87 D-3s were designated D-3N or D-3 trop and fitted with night or tropical equipment.[57] The D-4 designation applied to a prototype torpedo-bomber version, which could carry a 750–905 kg (1,653–1,995 lb) havo torpedasi on a PVC 1006 B rack—this setup would have had the capacity to carry the Luftorpedo LT 850, the German version of the well-proven Japanese Type 91 aerial torpedo of 848 kg (1,870 lb). The D-4 was to be converted from D-3 airframes and, in place of the carrier-specific Ju 87C series designs, operated from the aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin.[59] Other modifications included a flame eliminator and, unlike earlier D variants, two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon, while the radio operator/rear gunner's ammunition supply was increased by 1,000 to 2,000 rounds.[60]
The Ju 87 D-5 was based on the D-3 design and was unique in the Ju 87 series as it had wings 0.6 metres (2-feet) longer than previous variants. The two 7.92 mm MG 17 wing guns were exchanged for more powerful 20 mm MG 151/20s to better suit the aircraft's ground-attack role. The window in the floor of the cockpit was reinforced and four, rather than the previous three, aileron hinges were installed. Higher diving speeds were obtained of 650 km/h (400 mph) up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The range was recorded as 715 km (444 mi) at ground level and 835 km (519 mi) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft).[58]
The D-6, according to "Operating instructions, works document 2097", was built in limited numbers to train pilots on "rationalised versions". Due to shortages in raw materials, it did not go into mass production.[61] The D-7 was another ground attack aircraft based on D-1 airframes upgraded to D-5 standard (armour, wing cannons, extended wing panels), while the D-8 was similar to the D-7 but based on D-3 airframes.[61] The D-7 and D-8 were both were fitted with flame dampers, and could conduct night operations.[61]
Production of the D-1 variant started in 1941 with 495 ordered. These aircraft were delivered between May 1941 and March 1942. The RLM wanted 832 machines produced from February 1941. The Weserflug company was tasked with their production. From June to September 1941, 40 Ju 87 Ds were expected to be built, increasing to 90 thereafter.[62] Various production problems were encountered. One of the planned 48 was produced in July. Of the 25 the RLM hoped for in August 1941, none were delivered.[62] In September did the first two of the planned 102 Ju 87s came off the production lines.[63] The shortfalls continued to the end of 1941. During this time, the WFG plant in Lemwerder moved production to Berlin. Over 165 Ju 87s had not been delivered and production was only 23 Ju 87 Ds per month out of the 40 expected. By the spring of 1942 to the end of production in 1944, 3,300 Ju 87s, mostly D-1s, D-2s and D-5s had been manufactured.[63]
In January 1943, a variety of Ju 87 Ds became "test beds" for the Ju 87 G variants. At the start of 1943, the coastal Luftwaffe Erprobungsstelle test centre at Tarnewitz tested this combination from a static position. Oberst G. Wolfgang Vorwald noted the experiments were not successful, and suggested the cannon be installed on the Messerschmitt Me 410.[64] Testing continued, and on 31 January 1943, Ju 87 D-1 W.Nr 2552 was tested by Hauptmann Xans-Karl Stepp yaqinida Briansk o'quv maydoni. Stepp noted the increase in drag, which reduced the aircraft's speed to 259 km/h (161 mph). Stepp also noted that the aircraft was also less agile than the existing D variants. D-1 and D-3 variants operated in combat with the 37 mm (1.5 in) BK 37 cannon in 1943.[64]
Known prototypes
- Ju 87 V 21. Registration D-INRF. W.Nr 0870536. Airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1. First flown on 1 March 1941.
- Ju 87 V 22 Stammkennzeichen of SF+TY. W.Nr 0870540. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1. First flown on 1 March 1941.
- Ju 87 V 23 Stammkennzeichen of PB+UB. W.Nr 0870542. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1. First flown on 1 March 1941.
- Ju 87 V 24 Stammkennzeichen of BK+EE. W.Nr 0870544. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1/D-4. First flown on 1 March 1941.
- Ju 87 V 25 Stammkennzeichen of BK+EF. W.Nr 0870530. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-4 trop. First flown on 1 March 1941.
- Ju 87 V 30, the only known prototype of the Ju 87 D-5. W.Nr 2296. First flown on 20 June 1943.
- Ju 87 V 26-28, Ju 87 V 31va V 42-47 were experiments of unknown variants.[50]
Ju 87G
With the G variant, the ageing airframe of the Ju 87 found new life as an anti-tank aircraft. This was the final operational version of the Stuka, and was deployed on the Eastern Front. The reverse in German military fortunes after 1943 and the appearance of huge numbers of well-armoured Soviet tanks caused Junkers to adapt the existing design to combat this new threat. The Henschel Hs 129B had proved a potent ground attack weapon, but its large fuel tanks made it vulnerable to enemy fire, prompting the RLM to say "that in the shortest possible time a replacement of the Hs 129 type must take place."[65] With Soviet tanks the priority targets, the development of a further variant as a successor to the Ju 87D began in November 1942. On 3 November, Milch raised the question of replacing the Ju 87, or redesigning it altogether. It was decided to keep the design as it was, but the power-plant was upgraded to a Junkers Jumo 211J, and two 30 mm (1.2 in) cannons were added. The variant was also designed to carry a 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) free-fall bomb load. Furthermore, the armoured protection of the Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik—a feature pioneered by the 1916–17 origin Yunkers J.I all-metal sesquiplane of World War I Imperator Germaniya "s Luftstreitkräfte —was copied to protect the crew from ground fire now that the Ju 87 would be required to conduct low level attacks.[66]
Xans-Ulrix Rudel, a Stuka ace, had suggested using two 37 mm (1.46 in) Flak 18 guns, each one in a self-contained under-wing gun pod kabi Bordkanone BK 3,7, after achieving success against Soviet tanks with the 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon. These gun pods were fitted to a Ju 87 D-1, W.Nr 2552. The first flight of the machine took place on 31 January 1943, piloted by Stepp.[64] The continuing problems with about two dozen of the Ju 88P-1 and slow development of the Henschel Hs 129B-3, each of them equipped with a large, PaK 40 -based, autoloading Bordkanone 7,5 7.5 cm (2.95 in) cannon in a conformal gun pod beneath the fuselage, meant the Ju 87G was put into production. In April 1943, the first production Ju 87 G-1s were delivered to front line units.[64] The two 37 mm (1.46 in) Bordkanone BK 3,7 cannons were mounted in under-wing gun pods, each loaded with two six-round magazines of qurol-yarog ' volfram karbid -cored ammunition. With these weapons, the Kanonenvogel ("cannon-bird"), as it was nicknamed, proved very successful in the hands of Stuka aces such as Rudel. The G-1 was converted from older D-series airframes, retaining the smaller wing, but without the dive brakes. The G-2 was similar to the G-1 except for use of the extended wing of the D-5. 208 G-2s were built and at least a further 22 more were converted from D-3 airframes. Only a handful of production Gs were committed in the Kursk jangi. On the opening day of the offensive, Hans-Ulrich Rudel flew the only "official" Ju 87 G, although a significant number of Ju 87D variants were fitted with the 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon, and operated as unofficial Ju 87 Gs before the battle. In June 1943, the RLM ordered 20 Ju 87Gs as production variants.[67] The G-1 later influenced the design of the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, with Hans Rudel's book, Stuka Pilot being required reading for all members of the A-X project.[68]
Night-harassment variants
The Ju 87 had been used in the night intruder role in 1940 and 1941 during Blits,[69] lekin Sovet havo kuchlari practice of harassing German ground forces using antiquated Polikarpov Po-2 va R-5 biplanes at night to drop flares and fragmentation bombs, inspired the Luftwaffe to form its own Störkampfstaffeln (harassment squadrons). On 23 July 1942, Junkers offered the Ju 87 B-2, R-2 and R-4s with Flammenvernichter ("flame eliminators"). On 10 November 1943, the RLM GL/C-E2 Division finally authorised the design in directive No. 1117.[70]
The need to equip night units and the phasing out of Ju 87s from ground attack groups in favour of the Fw 190, enabled the use of D-5 airframes awaiting repair and D-7 and 8s already in conversion units. The latter variants were either conversions or modified D-1 and D-3 air frames. Adding the necessary equipment, radios and dampeners was a requirement regardless of whether the aircraft was a production D-5 or a D-1 or 3 that had undergone wing changes. The change in designations due to conversions was not readily apparent, for with wing changes, the serial number and designation was applied to the fuselage by the manufacture which remained unaltered by wing changes. Some sub-contractors added an "N" designation (Nacht) for clarity on D-3 and 5s . Others added the roman numeral VII to the D-7s, perhaps to reflect that the aircraft was fitted with the FuG 7 radio. A great deal of confusion exists concerning the D-7. Its existence has been questioned, but the type is listed in Junkers company records and in the Der Reichminister der Luftfahrt va Oberbefehlshabere der Luftwaffe Technisches Amt. There was no production "nacht stuka", and modifications could vary according to the sub-contractor and depending on what parts were available.[71]
A Stuka repair centre was set up at Wels-Lichtenegg. From May 1940 to November 1944, 746 were repaired and flight-tested there. In the winter 1943/44, the Metal Works Lower Saxony Brinckmann und Mergell company (Menibum) converted approximately 300 Ju 87D-3 and 5s to night versions. Dive-brakes were removed there, while gun muzzles and dampers were to eliminate exhaust and muzzle flash. The Jumo 211 P engine was installed in some cases. It took 2,170 technicians and workers to carry out the conversions. Total figures for conversions to night flying operations are unknown. The company's equipment was seized by the Sovet Ittifoqi at the end of the war, and the records were lost or destroyed.[72] A main piece of equipment, hereto not installed in the Ju 87, was the FuG 101 Electronic Radio Altimeter. This was used to measure height. Some Ju 87s also used FuG 16Z transmitter/receiver set to augment the FuG 25 IFF (Identification Friend or Foe).[73]
Pilots were also asked to complete the new "Blind Flying Certificate 3", which was especially introduced for this new type of operation. Pilots were trained at night, over unfamiliar terrain, and forced to rely on their instruments for direction. The Ju 87's standard Revi C12D gunsight was replaced with the new Nachtrevi ("Nightrevi") C12N. On some Ju 87s, the Revi 16D was exchanged for the Nachtrevi 16D. To help the pilot see his instrument panel, a violet light was installed.[74]
On 15 November 1942, the Auxiliary Xodimlar yaratilgan. By mid-1943, Luftflot 1 was given four Staffeln esa Luftflot 4 va Luftwaffe Kommando Ost (Luftwaffe Command East) were given six and two respectively. In the first half of 1943, 12 Nachtschlachtgruppen ("night battle groups"—NSGr) had been formed, flying a multitude of different types of aircraft, including the Ju 87, which proved itself ideally suited to the low-level slow flying needed.[75] NSGr 1 and 2 fought with some success on the G'arbiy front davomida Normandiya jangi va Bulge jangi.[76][77] NSGr 7 operated in "anti-partisan" role from bases in Albaniya from July 1944, replacing their use of German trainers.[78] The 3rd and 4th group served on the Eastern Front, the 8th in the Arktika and the 9th in Italy.[79] NSGr 20 fought against the G'arbiy ittifoqchilarning Germaniyaga bosqini in 1945. Photographic evidence exists of 16 NSGr 20 Ju 87s lining up to take-off in the woods circling the Lippe airfield, Germany while under attack from P-47 momaqaldiroqlari ning IX taktik havo qo'mondonligi. The unit operated against the Ludendorff ko'prigi davomida Remagen jangi.[80]
Ishlab chiqarish
Despite initial production issues with the Ju 87, the RLM ordered 216 Ju 87 A-1s into production and wanted to receive delivery of all machines between January 1936 and 1938. The Junkers production capacity was fully occupied and licensing to other production facilities became necessary. The first 35 Ju 87 A-1s were therefore produced by the Weser Flugzeugbau (WFG). By 1 September 1939, 360 Ju 87 As and Bs had been built by the Junkers factories at Dessau and Weserflug factory in Lemwerder near Bremen. By 30 September 1939, Junkers had received 2,365,196 Reyxmark (RM) for Ju 87 construction orders. The RLM paid another 243,646 RM for development orders. Ga binoan audit records in Berlin, by the end of the financial year on 30 September 1941, 3,059,000 RM had been spent on Ju 87 airframes.[81] By 30 June 1940, 697 Ju 87 B-1s and 129 B-2s alone had been produced. Another 105 R-1s and seven R-2s had been built.[81]
The range of the B-2 was insufficient, and dropped in favor of the Ju 87 R long-range versions in the second half of 1940. The 105 R-1s were converted to R-2 status and a further 616 production R-2s were ordered. In May 1941, the development of the D-1 was planned and was ordered into production by March 1942. The expansion of the Ju 88 production lines to compensate for the withdrawal of Dornier 17 production delayed production of the Ju 87 D. The Weserflug plant in Lemwerder experienced production shortfalls. This prompted Milch to visit and threaten the company into meeting the RLM's Ju 87 D-1 requirements on 23 February 1942.[82] To meet these demands, 700 skilled workers were needed.[82] Skilled workers had been called up for military service in the Vermaxt. Junkers were able to supply 300 German workers to the Weserflug factory, and as an interim solution, Soviet prisoners of war and Soviet civilians deported to Germany.[82] Working around the clock, the shortfall was made good. WFG received an official commendation.[82] By May 1942, demand increased further. Chief of Procurement General Walter Herthel found that each unit needed 100 Ju 87s as standard strength and an average of 20 per month to cover attrition. Not until June–December 1942 did production capacity increase, and 80 Ju 87s were produced per month.[82]
By 17 August 1942, production had climbed rapidly after Blohm va Voss BV 138 production was scaled down and licence work had shut down at WFG. Production now reached 150 Ju 87 D airframes per month, but spare parts were failing to reach the same production levels. Undercarriage parts were in particularly short supply. Milch ordered production to 350 Ju 87s per month in September 1942. This was not achievable due to the insufficient production capacity in the Reich.[82]
The RLM considered setting up production facilities in Slovakiya. But this would delay production until the buildings and factories could be furnished with the machine tools. These tools were also in short supply, and the RLM hoped to purchase them from Switzerland and Italy. The Slovaks could provide 3,500–4,000 workers, but no technical personnel.[83] The move would only produce another 25 machines per month at a time when demand was increasing. In October, production plans were dealt another blow when one of WFGs plants burned down, leaving a chronic shortage of tailwheels and undercarriage parts. Junkers director and member of the Luftwaffe industry council Carl Frytag reported that by January 1943 only 120 Ju 87s could be produced at Bremen and 230 at Berlin-Tempelhof.[83]
Decline and end of production
After evaluating Ju 87 operations on the Eastern Front, Göring ordered production limited to 200 per month in total. General der Schlachtflieger General of Close-Support Aviation) Ernst Kupfer decided continued development would "hardly bring any further tactical value". Adolf Galland, a fighter pilot with operational and combat experience in strike aircraft, said that abandoning development would be premature, but 150 machines per month would be sufficient.[83]
On 28 July 1943, strike and bomber production was to be scaled down, and fighter and bomber destroyer production given priority. On 3 August 1943, Milch contradicted this and declared that this increase in fighter production would not affect production of the Ju 87, Ju 188, Ju 288 and Ju 290. This was an important consideration as the life expectancy of a Ju 87 had been reduced (since 1941) from 9.5 months to 5.5 months to just 100 operational flying hours.[84] On 26 October, General der Schlachtflieger Ernst Kupfer reported the Ju 87 could no longer survive in operations and that the Focke-Wulf Fw 190F should take its place. Milch finally agreed and ordered the minimal continuance of Ju 87 D-3 and D-5 production for a smooth transition period.[84]In May 1944, production wound down. 78 Ju 87s were built in May and 69 rebuilt from damaged machines. In the next six months, 438 Ju 87 Ds and Gs were added to the Ju 87 force as new or repaired aircraft. It is unknown whether any Ju 87s were built from parts unofficially after December 1944 and the end of production.[84]
Overall, 550 Ju 87 As and B2s were completed at the Junkers factory in Dessau. Production of the Ju 87 R and D variants was transferred to the Weserflug company, which produced 5,930 of the 6,500 Ju 87s produced in total.[85] During the course of the war, little damage was done to the WFG plant at Lemwerder. Attacks throughout 1940-45 caused little lasting damage and succeeded only in damaging some Ju 87 airframes, in contrast to the Focke-Wulf plant in Bremen.[86] At Berlin-Tempelhof, little delay or damage was caused to Ju 87 production, despite the heavy bombings and large-scale destruction inflicted on other targets. The WFG again went unscathed. The Junkers factory at Dessau was heavily attacked, but not until Ju 87 production had ceased. The Ju 87 repair facility at the Wels aircraft works was destroyed on 30 May 1944, and the site abandoned Ju 87 links.[87]
Operatsion tarixi
Ispaniya fuqarolar urushi
Among the many German aircraft designs that participated in the Condor Legion, and as part of other Ispaniyaning fuqarolar urushidagi Germaniyaning ishtiroki, a single Ju 87 A-0 (the V4 prototype) was allocated serial number 29-1 and was assigned to the VJ/88, the experimental Xodimlar of the Legion's qiruvchi qanot. The aircraft was secretly loaded onto the ship Usaramo and departed Gamburg harbour on the night of 1 August 1936, arriving in Cádiz five days later. The only known information pertaining to its combat career in Spain is that it was piloted by Unteroffizier Herman Beuer, and took part in the Millatparvar offensive against Bilbao in 1937. Presumably the aircraft was then secretly returned to Germany.[88]
In January 1938, three Ju 87 As from the Legion Condor arrived. Several problems became evident—the spatted undercarriage sank into muddy airfield surfaces, and the spats were temporarily removed. The maximum 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb load could only be carried if the gunner vacated his seat, therefore the bomb load was restricted to 250 kg (550 lb). These aircraft supported the Nationalist forces and carried out anti-shipping missions until they returned to Germaniya 1938 yil oktyabrda.[88] Davomida Kataloniya hujumkor in January 1939, the Junkers Ju 87 returned to Spain. On the morning of 21 January 1939, 34 Heinkel He 111, along with some escorts and three Ju 87B, attacked the Port of Barcelona, five days before the city was captured by the Fascists.[89] 29 Republican fighters were defending the city. There were more than 100 aircraft operating over the city and, while a Ju 87 was dive-bombing a ship, a Republican Polikarpov I-15 pilot, Francisco Alférez Jiménez, claimed it destroyed near el Vendrell, in Coma-ruga, but the Stuka was capable of landing on the beach without crashing. That was the only time a Stuka attacked the capital of Kataloniya.[90] On 24 January 1939, a group of Stukas prevented the destruction of a bridge near Barcelona by strafing the demolition engineers on Molins de Rei. During the attack the Republican ground defenders, equipped with a quadruple PM M1910 mounting, hit one pilot (Heinz Bohne) in both legs and the Stuka crashed, seriously injuring Bohne, and his machine gunner, Albert Conrad. Those two were the only Stuka casualties of the war.[91]
As with the Ju 87 A-0, the B-1s were returned discreetly to the Reich.[92] The experience of the Spanish Civil War proved invaluable - air and ground crews perfected their skills, and equipment was evaluated under combat conditions. The Ju 87 had however not been tested against numerous and well-coordinated fighter opposition; this lesson was learned later at great cost to the Stuka crews.[93]
Ikkinchi jahon urushi
All Stuka units were moved to Germany's eastern border in preparation for the invasion of Poland. On the morning of 15 August 1939, during a mass-formation dive-bombing demonstration for high-ranking commanders of the Luftwaffe at Noyxammer training grounds near Sagan, 13 Ju 87s and 26 crew members were lost when they crashed into the ground almost simultaneously. The planes dived through cloud, expecting to release their practice bombs and pull out of the dive once below the cloud ceiling, unaware that the ceiling was too low and unexpected ground mist formed, leaving them no time to pull out of the dive.[94]
Polsha
On 1 September 1939, the Wehrmacht invaded Poland, beginning World War II. Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe records indicate a total force of 366 Ju 87 A and Bs were available for operations on 31 August 1939.[25] The first Ju 87 operation was to destroy Polish demolition charges fixed to the rail bridges over the Vistula, that linked Eastern Germany to the Danzig corridor va Sharqiy Prussiya as well as Polish Pomeraniya. To do this, Ju 87s were ordered to perform a low-level attack on the Polsha armiyasi Garrison headquarters. II. va III./StG 1 targeted the cables along the embankment, the electricity plant and signal boxes at Dirshov (hozir Tszev, Polsha. At exactly 04:26 CET, a Kette ("chain" or flight of three) of Ju 87s of 3./StG 1 led by Staffelkapitän Oberleutnant Bruno Dilly carried out the first bombing attack of the war. The Stukas attacked 11 minutes before the official German declaration of hostilities and hit the targets. The Ju 87s achieved complete success. The mission failed as the Germaniya armiyasi delayed their advance allowing the Poles to carry out repairs and destroy all but one of the bridges before the Germans could reach them.[44][95][96]
A Ju 87 achieved the first air victory during World War II on the morning of 1 September 1939, when Rottenfürer Leutnant Frank Neubert I. /StG 2 "Immelmann" shot down a Polish PZL P.11c qiruvchi while it was taking off from Balice airfield; its pilot, Captain Mieczysław Medwecki, was killed. In air-to-air combat, Ju 87 formations were well protected by German fighter aircraft and losses were light against the tenacious, but short lived opposition.[97]
The Ju 87s reverted to ground attack missions for the campaign after the opening air attacks. Ju 87s were involved in the controversial but effective attacks at Wieluń. Yo'qligi zenit artilleriyasi in the Polish Army magnified the impact of the Ju 87. At Piotrków Trybunalski I. /StG 76 and I./StG 2 destroyed a Polish infantry division de-training there. Troop trains were also easy targets. StG 77 destroyed one such target at Radomsko.[98] Davomida Battle of Radom six Polish divisions trapped by encircling German forces were forced to surrender after a relentless four-day bombardment by StG 51, 76 and 77. Employed in this assault were 50 kg (110 lb) fragmentation bombs, which caused appalling casualties to the Polish ground troops. Demoralised, the Poles surrendered. The Stukas also participated in the Bzura jangi which resulted in the breaking of Polish resistance. The dive bomber wings (Sturzkampfgeschwader ) alone dropped 388 tonnes (428 tons) of bombs during this battle.[99] Davomida Varshavani qamal qilish va Battle of Modlin, the Ju 87 wings contributed to the defeat of well-entrenched and resolute Polish forces. IV(Stuka)./LG 1 was particularly effective in destroying the fortified Modlin.[100]
The Luftwaffe had a few anti-shipping naval units such as 4.(St)/TrGr 186 to deal with Polish naval forces. This unit performed effectively, sinking the 1540-ton destroyer Wicher va minelayer Gryf ning Polsha dengiz floti (both moored in a harbour).[97] Torpedo qayig'i Mazur (412 tons) was sunk at Oksyvi; the gunboat General Haller (441 tons) was sunk in Hel Harbour on 6 September—during the Xel urushi —along with the minesweeper Meva (183 tons) and its sister ships Chepla va Jaskolka with several auxiliaries. The Polish naval units trapped in the Baltic were destroyed by Ju 87 operations.[101] Once again, enemy air opposition was light, and the Stukavaffe (Stuka force) lost 31 aircraft during the campaign.[102]
Norvegiya
Weserübung operatsiyasi began on 9 April 1940 with the invasions of Norway and Denmark. Denmark capitulated within the day; Norway continued to resist with British and French help. The campaign was not a Blitskrig of fast-moving armoured divisions supported by air power as the mountainous terrain ruled out close Panzer/Stuka cooperation. Instead, the Germans relied on paratroops tomonidan tashilgan Junkers Ju 52s va ixtisoslashgan chang'i qo'shinlari. The Ju 87s were given the role of ground attack and anti-shipping missions; they proved to be the most effective weapon in the Luftwaffe's armoury carrying out the latter task.[102]
On 9 April, the first Stukas took off at 10:59 from occupied airfields to destroy Oskarborg qal'asi, after the loss of the German cruiser Bluxer, which disrupted the amphibious landings in Oslo orqali Oslofyord. The 22 Ju 87s had helped suppress the Norwegian defenders during the ensuing Drøbak Sound jangi, but the defenders did not surrender until after Oslo had been captured. As a result, the German naval operation failed.[103] StG 1 caught the 735 ton Norwegian destroyer Æger yopiq Stavanger and hit her in the engine room. Æger was run aground and scuttled.[104] The Stuka wings were now equipped with the new Ju 87 R, which differed from the Ju 87 B by having increased internal fuel capacity and two 300l underwing drop tanks for more range.[102]
The Stukas had numerous successes against Allied naval vessels and in particular the Royal Navy which posed a formidable threat to German naval and coastal operations. The og'ir kreyser Suffolk was attacked on 17 April. Her stern was virtually destroyed but she limped back to Skapa oqimi with 33 dead and 38 wounded crewmen. The engil kreyser squadron consisting of the sister ships Kurakoa va Curlew were subjected to lengthy attacks which badly damaged the former for one Ju 87 lost. A witness later said, "they threatened to take our masthead with them in every screaming nerve-racking dive".[105] The same fate nearly befell the bema'ni Qora oqqush. On 27 April, a bomb passed through the quarterdeck, a wardroom, a water tank and 4-inch (10.2 cm) magazine and out through the hull to explode in the fjord. The muffled explosion limited the damage to her hull. Qora oqqush fired 1,000 rounds, but failed to shoot any of her attackers down. HMSAchchiq was sunk on 30 April. The French large destroyer Bizon bilan birga cho'ktirildi HMSAfridi tomonidan Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 on 3 May 1940 during the evacuation from Namsos. Bizon's forward magazine was hit, killing 108 of the crew. Afridi, which attempted to rescue Bizon's survivors, was sunk with the loss of 63 sailors.[104] 49 officers and men, 13 soldiers and 33 survivors from Bizon were lost aboard Afridi.[106] All ships were targeted. Armed trawlers were used under the German air umbrella in an attempt to make smaller targets. Such craft were not armoured or armed. The Ju 87s demonstrated this on 30 April when they sank the Jardin (452 tons) and Warwickshire (466 tons). 15 may kuni Polsha qo'shinlari Xrobri (11,442 tons) was sunk.[107][108][109]
The Stukas also had an operational effect, even when little damage was done. 1940 yil 1-mayda, Vitse-admiral Lionel Uels commanded a Home Fleet expedition of seven destroyers, the heavy cruiser Bervik, the aircraft carriers Shonli va Ark Royal va jangovar kema Jasur. The carriers mounted fighter patrols over the ships evacuating troops from Andalsnes. The Stuka waves (accompanied by He 111s) achieved several near misses, but were unable to obtain a hit. Nevertheless, Wells ordered that no ship was to operate within range of the Ju 87s' Norwegian airfields. The Ju 87s had, in effect, driven British sea power from the Norwegian coast. Moreover, Victor reported to the Bosh qo'mondon of the Home Fleet Admiral, Charlz Forbs, that carrier operations were no longer practical under the current conditions.[110]
In the following weeks, StG 1 continued their sea operations. Off Namsos on 5 May 1940, they caught and sank the Norvegiya qirollik floti transport vositalari Aafjord (335 tons) and Blaafjeld (1,146 tons). The Ju 87s then took to bombing the town and the airstrip to support the German forces under the command of Eduard Dietl. The town fell in the first week of May. In the remaining four weeks of the campaign in Norway, the Ju 87s supported German forces in containing the Allied land forces in Narvik until they withdrew in early June.[106]
Frantsiya va past mamlakatlar
The Ju 87 units had learned lessons from the Polish and Norwegian campaigns. The failures in Poland, and of the Stukas of I./StG 1 to silence the Oscarsborg fort, ensured even more attention was paid to pin-point bombing during the Feneni urushi davr. This was to pay off in the Western campaign.[111]
Qachon Kuz Gelb (Case Yellow) began on 10 May 1940, the Stuka helped swiftly neutralise the fortress of Eben Emael, Belgiya. The headquarters of the commander responsible for ordering the destruction of the Belgiya armiyasi -held bridges along the Albert kanali was stationed in the village of Lanaken (14 km/ mi to the north). The Stuka demonstrated its accuracy when the small building was destroyed by four direct hits. As a result, only one of the three bridges was destroyed, allowing the German Army to rapidly advance in the opening days of the Belgiya jangi.[111] The Ju 87 proved to be a useful asset to Armiya guruhi B ichida Kam mamlakatlar. In pitched battles against French armoured forces at Hannut va Gemblo, Ju 87s effectively neutralised artillery and armour.[112]
The Ju 87s also assisted German forces in the Niderlandiya jangi. The Gollandiya dengiz floti in concert with the British were evacuating the Gollandiya Qirollik oilasi and Dutch gold reserves through the country's ports. Ju 87s sank the Dutch ships Jan Van Galen (1,316 tons) and Johan Maurits Van Nassau (1,520 tons) as they provided close-shore artillery support at Waalhaven va Afsluitdijk. Inglizlar Sevishganlar was crippled, beached and scuttled while Vinchester, Uitli va Vestminster zarar ko'rgan. Uitli was later beached and scuttled after an air attack on 19 May.[112]
The Ju 87 units were also instrumental in the Frantsiya jangi. It was here that most of the Ju 87-equipped units were concentrated. They assisted in the breakthrough at Sedan, the critical and first major land battle of the war on French territory. The Stukavaffe flew 300 sorties against French positions, with StG 77 alone flying 201 individual missions. The Ju 87s benefited from heavy fighter protection from Messerschmitt Bf 109 birliklar.[113] When resistance was organised, the Ju 87s could be vulnerable. For example, on 12 May, near Sedan, six French Curtiss H-75s from Groupe de Chasse I/5 (Group Interception) attacked a formation of Ju 87s, claiming 11 out of 12 unescorted Ju 87s without loss (the Germans recorded six losses over Sedan entire).[114][115] For the most part, Allied opposition was disorganised. Janglar paytida Montkornet, Arras, Bolougne va Calais, Ju 87 operations broke up counterattacks and offered pin-point aerial artillery support for German infantry.[116]
The Luftwaffe benefited from excellent ground-to-air communications throughout the campaign. Radio equipped forward liaison officers could call upon the Stukas and direct them to attack enemy positions along the axis of advance. In some cases the Stukas responded in 10–20 minutes. Oberstleutnant Xans Zaydemann (Richthofen's Xodimlar boshlig'i ) said that "never again was such a smoothly functioning system for discussing and planning joint operations achieved."[117]
Davomida Dyunkerk jangi, many Allied ships were lost to Ju 87 attacks while evacuating British and French troops. Frantsuz qiruvchisi L'Adroit was sunk on 21 May 1940, followed by the eshkakli paroxod Tog'li burgut 28 may kuni. The French Channel-steamer Côte d'Arzur (3,047) followed. The Ju 87s operated to maximum effectiveness when the weather allowed. RAF fighter units were held back and Allied air cover was patchy at best. On 29 May the Royal Navy destroyer HMS Granata was severely damaged by a Ju 87 attack within Dunkirk's harbour, and subsequently sank. The Frantsuz qiruvchisi Mistral was crippled by bomb damage the same day. Yaguar va Haqiqat were badly damaged while the trawlers Kalvi va Polli Jonson (363 and 290 tons) disintegrated under bombardment. Savdo kemasi Fenella (2,376 tons) was sunk having taken on 600 soldiers. The attacks brought the evacuation to a halt for a time. The ferries Lorina va Normaniya (1,564 and 1,567 tons) were sunk also.[118] By 29 May, the Allies had lost 31 vessels sunk and 11 damaged.[119] On 1 June the Ju 87s sank the Halcyon- sinf minalarini tozalash vositasi Skipjack halokat paytida Keyt cho'kib ketgan va Basilisk was crippled before being scuttled by Uaytxoll. Uaytxoll was later badly damaged and along with Ivanxo, staggered back to Dover. Xavant, commissioned for just three weeks, was sunk and in the evening the Frantsuz qiruvchisi Foudroyant sank after a mass-attack. Further victories against shipping were claimed before nightfall on 1 June. Paroxod Pavon was lost while carrying 1,500 Dutch soldiers most of whom were killed. Neft tankeri Niger vayron qilingan. A flotilla of French minesweepers were also lost—Denis Papin (264 tons), the Le Moussaillon (380 tons) and Venera (264 tons).[120]
In total, 89 merchantmen (of 126,518 grt) were lost, and of 40 RN destroyers used in the battle eight were sunk (one to E-boat and one to a submarine), and a further 23 damaged and out of service.[121]The campaign ended after the French surrender on 25 June 1940. Allied air power had been ineffective and disorganised, and as a result, Stuka losses were mainly due to ground fire. 120 machines, one-third of the Stuka force, were destroyed or damaged by all causes from 10 May to 25 June 1940.[122]
Britaniya jangi
For the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe's Jang tartibi included bomber wings equipped with the Ju 87. Lehrgeschwader 2 's IV.(St), Sturzkampfgeschwader 1's III. Gruppe and Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 's III. Gruppe, Sturzkampfgeschwader 51 and Sturzkampfgeschwader 3's I. Gruppe were committed to the battle. As an anti-shipping weapon, the Ju 87 proved a potent weapon in the early stages of the battle. On 4 July 1940, StG 2 made a successful attack on a convoy in the Ingliz kanali, sinking four freighters: Britsum, Dallas Siti, Deucalion va Kolga. Six more were damaged. That afternoon, 33 Ju 87s delivered the single most deadly air assault on British territory in history, when 33 Ju 87s of III./StG 51, avoiding Qirollik havo kuchlari (RAF) interception, sank the 5,500 ton anti-aircraft ship HMSFoylebank yilda Portlend-Makoni, killing 176 of its 298 crew. Bittasi Foylebank's gunners, Leading Seaman John F. Mantle continued to fire on the Stukas as the ship sank. U vafotidan keyin taqdirlandi Viktoriya xochi for remaining at his post despite being mortally wounded. Mantle may have been responsible for the single Ju 87 lost during the raid.[123][124]
During August, the Ju 87s also had some success. On 13 August the opening of the main German attacks on airfields took place; it was known to the Luftwaffe as Adlertag ("Eagle Day"). Bf 109s of Jagdgeschwader 26 (JG 26) were sent out in advance of the main strike and drew off RAF fighters, allowing 86 Ju 87s of StG 1 to attack RAF Detling in Kent unhindered. The attack killed the station commander, destroyed 20 RAF aircraft on the ground and a great many of the airfield's buildings. Detling was not an RAF qiruvchi qo'mondoni stantsiya.[125]
The Battle of Britain proved for the first time that the Junkers Ju 87 was vulnerable in hostile skies against well-organised and determined fighter opposition. The Ju 87, like other dive bombers, was slow and possessed inadequate defences. Furthermore, it could not be effectively protected by fighters because of its low speed, and the very low altitudes at which it ended its dive bomb attacks. The Stuka depended on air superiority, the very thing being contested over Britain. It was withdrawn from attacks on Britain in August after prohibitive losses, leaving the Luftwaffe without precision ground-attack aircraft.[126]
Steady losses had occurred throughout their participation in the battle. On 18 August, known as the Hardest Day because both sides suffered heavy losses, the Stuka was withdrawn after 16 were destroyed and many others damaged.[127] According to the Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe, 59 Stukas had been destroyed and 33 damaged to varying degrees in six weeks of operations. Over 20% of the total Stuka strength had been lost between 8 and 18 August;[128] and the myth of the Stuka shattered.[128][129] The Ju 87s did succeed in sinking six warships, 14 merchant ships, badly damaging seven airfields and three Uy zanjiri radar stations, and destroying 49 British aircraft, mainly on the ground.[130]
On 19 August, the units of VIII. Fliegerkorps moved up from their bases around Cherbourg-Oktevil and concentrated in the Pas-de-Kale ostida Luftflotte 2, closer to the area of the proposed invasion of Britain.[130] On 13 September, the Luftwaffe targeted airfields again, with a small number of Ju 87s crossing the coast at Selsi va yo'nalish Tangmir.[131] After a lull, anti-shipping operations attacks were resumed by some Ju 87 units from 1 November 1940, as part of the new winter tactic of enforcing a blockade. Over the next 10 days, seven merchant ships were sunk or damaged, mainly in the Temza daryosi, for the loss of four Ju 87s. 14-noyabr kuni Stukas III./St.G 1 dan eskort bilan tortib olindi JG 26 va JG 51 boshqa konvoyga qarshi chiqdi; Daryo bo'yida hech qanday nishon topilmagani sababli, Stukalar o'zlarining muqobil nishonlari bo'lgan Dovrga hujum qilishdi.[130]
Yomon ob-havo yuk tashishga qarshi operatsiyalarning pasayishiga olib keldi va ko'p o'tmay Ju 87 guruhlar uchun yashirin qurilishning bir qismi sifatida Polshaga qayta joylashishni boshladi Barbarossa operatsiyasi. 1941 yilning bahorigacha Buyuk Britaniyaga qarshi faqat 30 Ju 87 samolyotlari bo'lgan St.G 1 qoldi. Kichik hajmdagi operatsiyalar qish oylarida martgacha davom etdi. Maqsadlarga dengizdagi kemalar, Temza daryosi va Chatham dengiz kemasi Kanal bo'ylab Dover va tungi bombardimonchilar samolyotlari. Ushbu hujumlar keyingi qishdayoq qayta tiklandi.[130][132]
Shimoliy Afrika va O'rta er dengizi
Italiyadagi mag'lubiyatlardan so'ng Italo-yunon urushi va Kompas operatsiyasi Shimoliy Afrikada Oberkommando der Wehrmacht nemis kuchlarini ushbu teatrlarga joylashtirishga buyruq berdi. Luftwaffe kontingenti tarkibiga StG 3 qo'mondonlik bo'limi kiritilgan edi Sitsiliya 1940 yil dekabrda. Keyingi bir necha kun ichida ikkita guruh - 80 ta Stuka joylashtirildi X. Fliegerkorps.
Ning birinchi vazifasi Korps Sitsiliya va Afrika o'rtasida o'tadigan ingliz kemalariga hujum qilish kerak edi, xususan Maltani qayta etkazib berishga qaratilgan konvoylar. Ju 87-lar avval o'zlarini Angliya aviatashuvchi kemasiga bo'ysundirib his qilishdi HMSXayolparast og'ir hujumga. Ekipajlar uni cho'ktira olishlariga ishonchlari komil edi, chunki parvoz kemasining maydoni taxminan 6500 m bo'lgan2 (70,000 kvadrat fut).[133] 1941 yil 10 yanvarda Stuka ekipajlariga 500 kg (1100 funt) bomba bo'lgan to'rtta to'g'ridan-to'g'ri zarba tashuvchini cho'ktirish uchun etarli bo'lishini aytishdi. Ju 87 samolyotlari oltita va uchta zararli yaqin missiyalarni etkazib berishdi, ammo kema dvigatellari tegmagan va u yetib bordi Maltaning qamal qilingan porti.[134]
The Regia Aeronautica bir muddat Stukalar bilan jihozlangan edi.[135] 1939 yilda Italiya hukumati RLM dan 100 Ju 87 etkazib berishni so'radi. Italiyalik uchuvchilar yuborildi Graz avstriyada sho'ng'in-bombardimon qiluvchi samolyotlar uchun o'qitiladi 1940 yil bahorida 72 dan 108 gacha bo'lgan Ju 87 B-1, ularning ba'zilari Luftwaffe sobiq samolyotlari 96 ° ga etkazib berildi. Gruppo Bombardamento a Tuffo. Italiyaning Stuka nomi o'zgartirildi Picchiatello, o'z navbatida tayinlangan edi Gruppi 97 °, 101 ° va 102 °. The Picchiatelli qarshi ishlatilgan Maltada, O'rta er dengizi va Shimoliy Afrikadagi ittifoqchilar konvoylari (ular Tobrukni bosib olishda qatnashgan). Ular Regia Aeronautica tomonidan 1942 yilgacha ishlatilgan.[135]
Ba'zilari Picchiatelli 1940 yil oktabrda Italiyaning Gretsiyaga bostirib kirishining boshlanish bosqichida harakatlarni ko'rdi. Ularning soni Germaniya operatsiyalariga nisbatan kam va samarasiz edi. Italiya kuchlari tezda orqaga qaytarildi. 1941 yil boshiga kelib, yunonlar Italiya tomonidan bosib olingan Albaniyani zabt etishdi. Gitler yana bir bor ittifoqchisiga harbiy yordam yuborishga qaror qildi.[136] Luftvaffe aralashishga ulgurmasdan oldin, Italiyaning Ju 87-lari bir qator yutuqlarga erishdilar. 97 Gruppo (Guruh) va uning 239 Squadriglia (Otryad) Yunoniston dengiz floti yuk tashuvchi Susana yopiq Korfu 1941 yil 4 aprelda torpedo qayig'i paytida Proussa kunning ikkinchi yarmida cho'kib ketgan. 21 aprel kuni yunon yuk tashuvchisi Ioanna cho'kib ketgan va ular ingliz tankerining hisobiga tushgan Hekla Tobrukdan 25 mayda, keyin esa Avstraliya qirollik floti qiruvchi Waterhen 20 iyun kuni. Britaniya qurolli qayig'i Kriket va suv osti kemalarini etkazib berish Kachalot qurbon bo'ldi. Birinchisi nogiron bo'lib, keyinchalik Italiya harbiy kemalari tomonidan cho'kib ketgan.[137]
Mart oyida nemisparast Yugoslaviya hukumati edi ag'darilgan. G'azablangan Gitler hujumni kengaytirilishini buyurdi Yugoslaviya. "Marita" operatsiyasi 7 aprelda boshlangan. Luftwaffe kampaniyaga 1, 2 va 77-sonli stglarni topshirdi.[138] Stuka yana bir marta havo hujumiga boshchilik qildi, 300 ta avtomat oldingi kuchga ega bo'lib, havoda minimal Yugoslaviya qarshiligiga qarshi turdi va Stukalarga ushbu mintaqada dahshatli obro'sini oshirishga imkon berdi. Bezovta qilmasdan ishlagan holda, ular quruqlikdagi qo'shinlarga katta zarar etkazishdi va yerdan otish uchun faqat engil yo'qotishlarga duch kelishdi. Sho'ng'in bombardimonchilarining samaradorligi Yugoslaviya kapitulyatsiyasini o'n kun ichida amalga oshirishga yordam berdi. Stukalar, shuningdek, periferik qismda qatnashdilar Jazo operatsiyasi, Gitlerning jazosi Belgradni bombardimon qilish. Sho'ng'in bombardimonchilari aerodromlar va zenit qurollarining pozitsiyalariga hujum qilishlari kerak edi, chunki darajadagi bombardimonchilar fuqarolarning maqsadlariga zarba berishdi. Belgrad jiddiy zarar ko'rdi, 2271 kishi halok bo'ldi va 12000 kishi jarohat oldi.[139]
Yunonistonda, Britaniya yordamiga qaramay, ozgina havo qarshiligiga duch keldi. Ittifoqchilar orqaga chekinib, qarshiliklar qulab tushgach, ittifoqchilar evakuatsiya qilishni boshladi Krit. Stukalar ittifoqdosh kemalarga jiddiy zarar etkazdi. 22 aprelda 1389 tonna esminets Psara va Ydra cho'kib ketgan. Keyingi ikki kun ichida Gretsiya dengiz bazasi Pirey Stuka hujumi tufayli 23 kemani yo'qotdi.[140]
Davomida Krit urushi, Ju 87-lar ham katta rol o'ynagan. 1941 yil 21-22 may kunlari nemislar dengiz orqali Kritga qo'shimcha kuchlarni yuborishga urinishdi, ammo qo'mondonligi ostida "Force D" ga 10 ta kemani yo'qotishdi. Kontr-admiral Irvin Glenni. Kreyserlardan tashkil topgan kuch HMSDido, Orion va Ayaks, qolgan nemis kemalarini chekinishga majbur qildi. Stukalar Buyuk Britaniyaning dengiz tahdidi bilan kurashishga chaqirilgan.[141] 21-may kuni qiruvchi HMSJuno cho'kib ketgan va ertasi kuni jangovar kema HMSWarspite shikastlangan va kreyser HMSGloucester cho'ktirildi, 45 ofitserni yo'qotish va 648 reyting bilan. Ju 87-lar ham kreyserni nogiron qildi HMSFidji o'sha kuni ertalab, (u keyinroq tugadi Bf 109 qiruvchini cho'ktirayotganda) HMSTovuz bitta zarba bilan.[142] Krit urushi tugashi bilanoq, ittifoqchilar yana chekinishni boshladi. 23 may kuni Qirollik dengiz floti esminetslardan ayrildi HMSKashmir va Kelli, dan so'ng HMSSovg'a 26 may kuni; Orion va Dido ham jiddiy zarar ko'rgan.[143] Orion 1100 askarni Shimoliy Afrikaga evakuatsiya qilayotgan edi; Ularning 260 nafari o'ldirilgan, yana 280 nafari yaralangan.[144]
Sho'ng'in bombardimonchi qanoti qo'llab-quvvatladi Generalfeldmarschall Ervin Rommel "s Afrika Korps Shimoliy Afrikadagi ikki yillik kampaniyasida; uning boshqa asosiy vazifasi Ittifoq kemachiligiga hujum qilish edi.[145] 1941 yilda Shimoliy Afrikadagi Ju 87 operatsiyalari ustunlik qildi Tobrukni qamal qilish, bu etti oydan ko'proq davom etdi.[146] Davomida xizmat qilgan G'azala jangi va Birinchi El Alamein jangi, shuningdek hal qiluvchi Ikkinchi El Alamein jangi, bu Rommelni orqaga qaytargan Tunis. 1942 yil kuzida suv oqimining o'zgarishi va ittifoqchilarning havo kuchlari o'sishi bilan Ju 87 juda zaif bo'lib qoldi va yo'qotishlar katta bo'ldi. Davomida amerikaliklarning Shimoliy Afrikaga kirishi Mash'al operatsiyasi vaziyatni ancha yomonlashtirdi; Stuka endi qiruvchi-bombardimonchi urushida eskirgan edi. Bf 109 va Fw 190 hech bo'lmaganda dushman jangchilarini tashlab yuborganidan keyin ularga teng sharoitlarda jang qilishi mumkin edi qurol lekin Stuka qila olmadi. Ju 87 ning zaifligi 1942 yil 11-noyabrda 15 ta Ju 87 Ds urib tushirilganda namoyish etildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining havo kuchlari (USAAF) Kurtiss P-40 Fs bir necha daqiqada.[147] (Ring / Shores ma'lumotlariga ko'ra missiyada 15 Ju 87 bo'lgan, 2.SAAF Sqn. 8ni 4 ta ehtimol bilan 3 ta o'q bilan 57 ta urishgan. Jangchi guruh. 2 ta janubiy afrikalik va 1 ta amerikalik yo'qotish nemis qiruvchi eskorti tomonidan urib tushirilgan. Uchtasi Stuka - ekipajlar qo'lga olindi, 1 kishi yarador bo'lmadi. [148]
1943 yilga kelib, ittifoqchilar Shimoliy Afrikada havo ustunligidan bahramand bo'lishdi. Ju 87lar tashqariga chiqishdi Rotte faqat kuch, ko'pincha dushman samolyotlarini ko'rishda o'z bombalarini jetison.[149] Ushbu muammoga qo'shimcha ravishda, nemis jangchilari o'zlarining eng zaif nuqtasi bo'lgan Ju 87-larni parvoz qilish uchun etarli miqdorda yoqilg'iga ega edilar. Shundan so'ng Stukalar o'z-o'zidan qolishdi.[150]
Sho'ng'in bombardimonchilari Janubiy Evropada operatsiyalarni davom ettirdilar; 1943 yil sentyabr oyida italiyaliklar taslim bo'lgandan so'ng, Ju 87 so'nggi g'alabada qatnashdi G'arbiy ittifoqchilar, On ikki kunlik kampaniya. The Onekan orollari inglizlar tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan; Luftwaffe StG 3 ning 75 ta Stukasini amalga oshirdi Megara (I./StG 3) va Argos (II.StG 3; 17 oktyabrdan boshlab Rodos ), orollarni tiklash uchun. Bilan RAF 500 km (310 milya) masofada joylashgan Ju 87 nemis desant kuchlariga orollarni tezda zabt etishga yordam berdi.[151] 5 oktyabr kuni minelayer Lagnano patrul kemasi, bug 'kemasi va engil tank tashuvchisi bilan birga cho'ktirildi "Portu Di Roma". 24 oktyabrda Ju 87s qo'nish kemasini cho'ktirdi LCT115 va yuk kemasi Taganrog da Samos. 31 oktyabrda yengil kreyser Avrora bir yilga safdan chiqarildi. Yengil kreyserlar Penelopa va Karlisl StG 3 va esminets tomonidan jiddiy zarar ko'rgan Pantera shuningdek, Ittifoq kuchlari kapitulyatsiyasidan oldin Ju 87-lar tomonidan cho'ktirildi. Bu Stukaning inglizlarga qarshi so'nggi g'alabasi ekanligini isbotladi.[152]
Sharqiy front
Barbarossa; 1941 yil
1941 yil 22-iyunda Vermaxt Sovet Ittifoqiga bostirib kirgan Barbarossa operatsiyasini boshladi. Luftwaffe 1941 yil 22 iyundagi jangovar buyrug'ida to'rtta sho'ng'in bombardimonchi qanoti bo'lgan. VIII. Fliegerkorps birliklari bilan jihozlangan Sanchish, II. va III./StG 1. Shuningdek, kiritilgan Sanchish, I., II. va III. ning Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 Immelmann. Biriktirilgan II. Fliegerkorps buyrug'i bilan General der Flieger Bruno Loerzer, edi Sanchish, I., II. va III. StG 77 dan. Luftflotte 5 buyrug'i bilan Generaloberst Xans-Yurgen Stumpff Norvegiyaning Arktika doirasidan ish olib boradigan IV. Gruppe (St) /Lehrgeschwader 1 (LG 1).[153]
Birinchi Stuka yo'qotish Sovet-Germaniya fronti 22 iyun kuni ertalab soat 03: 40-03: 47 da sodir bo'lgan. Hujum qilish uchun JG 51 dan Bf 109s hamrohligida Brest qal'asi, Oberleutnant StG 77 samolyotidagi Karl Fuhring an I-153.[154] Sho'ng'in bombardimonchi qanoti Barbarosaning ochilish kunida faqat ikkita yo'qotishlarga duch keldi. Luftvaffening diqqat-e'tibori natijasida Sovet Ittifoqining g'arbiy qismidagi Sovet havo kuchlari deyarli yo'q qilindi. Rasmiy hisobotda 1 489 sovet samolyoti yo'q qilingan deb da'vo qilingan. Göring buni tekshirishni buyurdi. Luftwaffe zobitlari parchalanib ketgan parchalarni old tomonga olib o'tgandan so'ng, ularning soni 2000 kishidan oshganini aniqladilar.[155] Keyingi ikki kun ichida Sovetlar yana 1922 samolyot yo'qolgani haqida xabar berishdi.[156] Sovet havo qarshiligi davom etdi, ammo samarali bo'lishni to'xtatdi va Luftvaffe yil oxirigacha havo ustunligini saqlab qoldi.[iqtibos kerak ]
Ju 87 Sovet qurolli kuchlariga katta zarba berib, Sovet qurol-yarog'ining qarshi hujumlarini buzishga yordam berdi, kuchli nuqtalarni yo'q qildi va dushman ta'minot liniyalarini buzdi. Stuka namoyishi'StG 77 18-ni nokautga uchratganda, 5-iyul kuni samaradorlik yuzaga keldi poezdlar va 500 ta transport vositasi.[157] 1-chi va 2-chi Panzer guruhlari plyujetlarni majburiy ravishda kesib o'tdilar Dnepr daryo va yopiq Kiyev, Ju 87-lar yana bebaho yordam ko'rsatdi. 13 sentyabr kuni StG 1 stukaslari yaqin atrofdagi temir yo'l tarmog'ini vayron qilishdi va qochish paytida katta talofatlar etkazishdi. Qizil Armiya bitta Ju 87 yo'qotish uchun ustunlar.[158] 23 sentyabrda Rudel (Vermaxtdagi eng bezatilgan harbiy xizmatchiga aylanishi kerak edi) StG 2 Sovetni cho'ktirdi jangovar kema Marat, havo hujumi paytida Kronshtadt yaqin port Leningrad 1000 kg (2200 funt) bomba bilan kamonga urish bilan.[159] Ushbu harakat davomida, Leutnant Egbert Jekkel esminetsni cho‘ktirdi Minsk, halokat paytida Steregushchiy va suvosti kemasi M-74 ham cho'kib ketgan. Stukalar ham jangovar kemani mayib qilishdi Oktyabrskaya revolutsiya va yo'q qiluvchilar Silnyy va Grozyashchiy evaziga ikkita Ju 87 samolyoti urib tushirildi.[160]
Sharqiy frontning boshqa joylarida Yunkers yordam berdi Armiya guruhi markazi u Moskvaga qarab. 13-22 dekabr kunlari 420 ta transport vositasi va 23 ta tank StG 77 tomonidan yo'q qilindi va shu bilan mudofaada bo'lgan nemis piyoda qo'shinlarining ruhiy holati yaxshilandi.[161] StG 77 aksiyani sho'ng'in bombardimonchilarining eng samarali qanoti sifatida yakunladi. 25 ta Ju 87 samolyotini dushmanlik harakati uchun yo'qotish uchun 2401 ta avtomobil, 234 ta tank, 92 ta artilleriya batareyasi va 21 ta poezdni yo'q qildi.[162] Barbarossa oxirida StG 1 havodagi jangda 60 ta Stukani va bitta yerda yo'qotgan. StG 2 havoda 39 Ju 87 samolyotni, ikkitasi yerda, StG 77 o'zlarining sho'ng'in bombardimonchilaridan 29 tasini havoda va uchtasini yerda yo'qotishdi (25 ta dushman harakatiga). Norvegiyadan ishlaydigan IV. (St) / LG1, havo hujumida 24 Ju 87-ni yo'qotdi.[163]
Blau-ning Stalingradga qulashi; 1942 yil
1942 yil boshida Ju 87-lar Xerga yanada qimmatroq yordam berishdi. 1941 yil 29 dekabrda Sovet 44-armiyasi qo'nishdi Kerch yarim oroli. Luftwaffe faqat to'rtta bombardimonchilar guruhining arzimagan qo'shimchalarini yuborishi mumkin edi (Kampfgruppen) va StG 77 ga tegishli ikkita sho'ng'in bombardimonchi guruhi. Havodagi ustunlik bilan Ju 87lar jazosiz ishladilar. Dastlabki 10 kun ichida Kerch yarim orolidagi jang, qo'nish kuchlarining yarmi vayron qilingan, dengiz yo'llari esa Stukalar tomonidan sovet kemalariga katta yo'qotishlarni keltirib chiqargan. Ju 87 ning sovet zirhlariga qarshi samaradorligi hali kuchli emas edi. Ning keyingi versiyalari T-34 Agar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri zarba berilmasa, Sovet Ittifoqining 44-armiyasida faqat eskirgan, ingichka zirhli qurollar bo'lgan bo'lsa, ular umuman yo'q qilingan.[164] Davomida Sevastopol jangi, Stukalar bir necha bor tuzoqqa tushgan Sovet kuchlarini bombardimon qildilar. Ba'zi Ju 87 uchuvchilari Sovet himoyachilariga qarshi 300 martagacha parvoz qilishdi. StG 77 (Luftflotte 4) shaharga 3537 tonna bomba tashlab 7708 ta jangovar parvozni amalga oshirdi. Ularning sa'y-harakatlari 4 iyulda Sovet kuchlari kapitulyatsiyasini ta'minlashga yordam beradi.[165]
Germaniyaning yozgi hujumi uchun, Blau kuzi, Luftwaffe ichiga 1800 samolyot to'plangan edi Luftflotte 4 uni dunyodagi eng katta va eng kuchli havo qo'mondonligiga aylantirish.[166] The Stukavaffe kuch 151 ga teng edi.[167] Davomida Stalingrad jangi, Stukas shahardagi sovet pozitsiyalariga qarshi minglab parvozlarni amalga oshirdi. 1942 yil 14-oktabrda StG 1, 2 va 77 samolyotlari 320 marta parvoz qilishdi. Germaniyaning Oltinchi armiyasi Sovetlarni g'arbiy sohilidagi 1000 metrlik anklavga siqib chiqarganda. Volga daryosi, 1.208 Stuka parvozlari ushbu kichik er maydoniga qarshi uchib o'tdi. Kuchli havo hujumi, sovet bo'linmalariga dahshatli yo'qotishlarni keltirib chiqargan bo'lsa ham, ularni yo'q qila olmadi.[168] Luftvaffening Stuka kuchlari urushning ushbu bosqichida maksimal darajada harakat qilishdi. Ular kuniga o'rtacha 500 marotaba parvoz qildilar va Sovet kuchlari orasida katta yo'qotishlarga olib keldilar va kuniga o'rtacha bitta Stukani yo'qotdilar. Stalingrad jangi Junkers Ju 87 Stuka omadining eng yuqori nuqtasini belgilab berdi. Sovet havo kuchlarining kuchi oshgani sayin, ular asta-sekin Luftvaffe tomonidan osmonni boshqarish huquqini qo'lga kiritdilar. Shu paytdan boshlab "Stuka" ning yo'qotishlari ko'payib ketdi.[169]
Kursk va pasayish; 1943 yil
Stuka, shuningdek, "Kursk" hujumida "Citadel" operatsiyasida katta ishtirok etgan. Luftwaffe I, II, III./St.G 1 va III./StG 3 ni buyrug'i bilan amalga oshirdi. Luftflotte 6. I., II, III. 2 va 3-sonli StGlar buyrug'i bilan qilingan Fliegerkorps VIII.[170] Rudelning to'pi bilan jihozlangan Ju 87 Gs sovet qurol-yarog'iga dahshatli ta'sir ko'rsatdi Orel va Belgorod. Ju 87-lar Sovet Ittifoqining Xotinetsga qarshi hujumiga qarshi 16-dan 31-iyulgacha davom etgan ulkan havo hujumlarida qatnashdilar va ikki nemis armiyasini qurshab olishdan saqlab qolishdi va 20-iyulga qadar hujumga uchragan Sovet Ittifoqi 11-gvardiya armiyasini 33 ta tankga kamaytirishdi. Sovet hujumi havodan butunlay to'xtatilgan edi[171] garchi yo'qotishlar sezilarli bo'lsa ham. Fliegerkorps VIII 8 iyulda sakkizta Ju 87-ni, 9-iyulda oltita, 10-iyulda oltitani va 11-iyulda yana sakkiztasini yo'qotdi. Stuka qo'li ham sakkiztasini yo'qotdi Ritsarning temir xochning xochi egalari. 5-31 iyul kunlari StG 77 24 Ju 87 samolyotlarini yo'qotdi (StG 1942 yil iyul-dekabrda 23 marta yutqazdi), StG 2 esa shu davrda yana 30 ta samolyotni yo'qotdi. 1943 yil sentyabrda Stuka uch qismidan jihozlar qayta jihozlandi Fw 190 F va G (yerga hujum versiyalari) va qayta nomlanishi boshlandi Schlachtgeschwader (hujum qanotlari).[172] Ko'p sonli havo qarshiliklariga qarshi sho'ng'in bombasi Sovet jangchilariga qarshi kurashish uchun nemis jangchilaridan qattiq himoya qilishni talab qildi. SG 2 kabi ba'zi birliklar Immelmann 1943–45 yillar davomida katta muvaffaqiyat bilan ishlashni davom ettirdi, tobora kam sonli bo'lsa ham, tank qotiliga aylangan 37 mmli to'plar bilan jihozlangan Ju 87 G variantlarida ishladi.[173]
Kurskdagi mag'lubiyatdan so'ng Ju 87-lar Sharqiy frontning janubiy qanotida juda muhim mudofaa rolini o'ynashdi. Luftwaffe bilan kurashish uchun Sovetlar 3000 ta qiruvchi samolyotni joylashtirishi mumkin edi. Natijada, stukaliklar jiddiy azob chekishdi. SG 77 1943 yil avgustda SG 2 singari 30 Ju 87ni yo'qotdi Immelmann, shuningdek, jangovar operatsiyalarda 30 ta samolyot yo'qolgani haqida xabar bergan.[174] Ushbu yo'qotishlarga qaramay, Ju 87s yordam berdi XXIX armiya korpusi yaqinidagi qurshovdan chiqib ketish Azov dengizi.[175] The Kiev jangi shuningdek, Ju 87 agregatlaridan sezilarli darajada foydalanishni o'z ichiga oldi, ammo bu yana yutuqlarni to'xtatish uchun muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'ldi. Stuka bo'linmalari havo ustunligini yo'qotib, yerda ham zaif bo'lib qolishdi. Ba'zi Stuka eplari shu tarzda yo'qoldi.[176] Kurskdan keyin Stuka kuchi jami 184 samolyotga tushib qoldi. Bu kerakli quvvatning 50 foizidan ancha past edi.[177] 1943 yil 18-oktyabrda StG 1, 2, 3, 5 va 77 nomlari o'zgartirildi Schlachtgeschwader (SG) qanotlari, ularning quruqlikdagi hujum rolini aks ettiradi, chunki bu jangovar qanotlarda endi Fw 190F seriyali samolyotlar kabi yerga hujum qiluvchi samolyotlar ham ishlatilgan. Luftwaffe-ning sho'ng'in-bombardimonchi bo'linmalari o'z faoliyatini to'xtatdi.[178]
Shuningdek, bir nechta Ju 87 samolyotlari yuk tashishga qarshi operatsiyalar uchun saqlanib qolindi Qora dengiz, O'rta er dengizida ishlayotganda muvaffaqiyatli ishtirok etgan rol. 1943 yil oktyabrda, StG 3 Sovet Ittifoqiga qarshi bir nechta hujumlarni amalga oshirganida, bu yana aniq bo'ldi Qora dengiz floti. 1943 yil 6 oktyabrda flot tarkibidagi eng kuchli flotilla Leningrad sinf yo'q qiluvchilar Xarkov, Besposhchadniy va Sposobny bombardimon bilan sho'ng'in bilan ushlanib, cho'kib ketishdi. Falokatdan keyin, Iosif Stalin Germaniyaning samolyotlari ichkarisidan uning shaxsiy ruxsatisiz boshqa kemalar o'tmasligi to'g'risida qaror chiqardi.[179]
1944-1945 yillarda Berlinga Bagration operatsiyasi
Urushning oxiriga kelib, ittifoqchilar havo ustunligini qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, Stuka o'rnini Fw 190 ning yer usti hujumi versiyalari egalladi.[33] 1944 yil boshida Ju 87 birliklari va ekspluatatsiya qilinadigan samolyotlar soni nihoyatda kamaydi. Sovet yozgi hujumi uchun, Bagration operatsiyasi, 12 Ju 87 guruhlari va beshta aralash guruh (shu jumladan Fw 190s) Luftvaffening buyrug'i bilan 1944 yil 26 iyunda bo'lgan.[180] Gefechtsverband Kuhlmey, ko'p miqdordagi Stuka sho'ng'in bombardimonchilarini o'z ichiga olgan aralash samolyot bo'limi, 1944 yil yozida Finlyandiya frontiga jo'natildi va Sovet Ittifoqini to'xtatishda muhim rol o'ynadi. to'rtinchi strategik hujum. Ushbu bo'linma Sovet Ittifoqining 200 ta tankini va 150 ta Sovet samolyotini 41 yo'qotish uchun yo'q qilinganligini da'vo qildi.[181] 1945 yil 31-yanvarga qadar faqatgina 104 Ju 87 o'z bo'linmalari bilan ishladi. Boshqasi aralashgan Shlyaxt birliklar orasida yana 70 Ju 87 va Fw 190 lar bo'lgan. Surunkali yoqilg'i tanqisligi Stukasni ishdan bo'shatib turdi va 1945 yil may oyida urush oxiriga qadar navbatlar kamaydi.[182]
Urushning so'nggi oylarida quruqlikdagi hujum guruhlari hanuzgacha dushmanga operativ cheklovlarni qo'yishdi. Eng muhimi, samolyot mudofaada qatnashgan Berlin. 1945 yil 12-yanvarda 1-Belorussiya fronti tashabbusi bilan Vistula-Oder tajovuzkor. Hujum tez rivojlandi. Sovetlar oxir-oqibat oldinga, botqoq bilan to'ldirilgan aerodromlardan foydalana olmaydigan havo qo'llab-quvvatlashidan ustun keldi. Yaxshi qulayliklar va beton uchish-qo'nish yo'laklari bo'lgan aviabazalarda orqaga qaytgan nemislar Sovet armiyasi ustunlariga qarshi uzluksiz hujumlar uyushtirishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Dastlabki yillarni eslatib, Luftwaffe asosan raqobatsiz yuqori yo'qotishlarga olib keldi. Ikki hafta ichida 800 dan ortiq transport vositalari yo'q qilindi. 1945 yil fevral oyining dastlabki uch kunida Germaniyaning havo hujumlari natijasida 2000 ta texnika va 51 ta tank yo'qotilgan. 1945 yil fevral oyining o'rtalariga kelib Belorussiya fronti Berlinni egallab olish tashabbusidan voz kechishga majbur bo'ldi. Ju 87 ushbu shiddatli janglarda oz sonli ishtirok etdi. Bu 1940 yildan buyon Germaniya havo kuchlarining eng katta kontsentratsiyasi edi va hatto 1945 yil fevral oyida nemislar Sharqiy frontda havo ustunligiga erishish va ularni chaqirishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Havodan qilingan hujum Berlinni faqat uch oy davomida saqlab qolish uchun muhim rol o'ynadi. Ushbu harakat Germaniyaning yoqilg'i zaxiralarini tugatdi. Ju 87-ning hissasi Rudel tomonidan 1945 yil 8-fevralda 13 ta dushman tankiga da'vo qilgan.[183]
Operatorlar
- Chexoslovakiya havo kuchlari Urushdan keyin qo'lga olingan samolyotni boshqargan.b
- Yaponiya imperatorlik armiyasi havo kuchlarib Baholash uchun Germaniyadan ikkita samolyot sotib oldi.
- Qirollik havo kuchlari urush paytida va undan keyin qo'lga kiritilgan turli xil variantlarni sinovdan o'tkazdi.[184]
- Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining havo kuchlari urush paytida va undan keyin qo'lga kiritilgan turli xil variantlarni sinovdan o'tkazdi.
- SFR Yugoslaviya havo kuchlari qo'lga olingan samolyotlar bilan ishlagan.
Omon qolgan samolyot
Ikki buzilmagan Ju 87 tirik qoldi, uchinchisi tiklandi:
- Ju 87 G-2, Verk Nr. 494083
Keyinchalik, yerga hujum qilish varianti bu ko'rsatiladi Qirollik havo kuchlari muzeyi Londonda; ingliz kuchlari tomonidan qo'lga kiritilgan Eggebek, Shlezvig-Golshteyn 1945 yil may oyida. G-2 varianti sifatida qayta tiklanishidan oldin, ehtimol D-5 samolyotiga G-2 tashqi qanotlarini o'rnatish orqali D-5 sifatida 1943-1944 yillarda qurilgan deb o'ylashadi. Qanotlarda qiyin nuqtalar mavjud Bordkanone BK 3,7 qurol-qutilar, ammo ular o'rnatilmagan. Bu muzeyni saqlash uchun inglizlar tomonidan tanlangan va unga tayinlangan 12 ta qo'lga kiritilgan nemis samolyotlaridan biri edi Havo tarixiy bo'limi. Samolyot 1978 yilgacha RAF muzeyiga ko'chirilguniga qadar turli xil RAF saytlarida saqlangan va namoyish qilingan. 1967 yilda filmda samolyotdan foydalanishga ruxsat berilgan Britaniya jangi va u Ju 87-ning 1940 yilgi variantiga o'xshash tarzda qayta bo'yalgan va o'zgartirilgan. Dvigatel juda yaxshi holatda ekanligi aniqlandi va uni ishga tushirishda unchalik qiyinchilik bo'lmagan, ammo samolyotni parvozga yaroqliligiga qaytarish film ijodkorlari uchun juda qimmatga tushdi va natijada , filmda Stukasni namoyish etish uchun modellardan foydalanilgan. 1998 yilda film modifikatsiyalari olib tashlandi va samolyot asl G-2 konfiguratsiyasiga qaytdi.[186]
- Ju 87 R-2 / Trop. Werk Nr. 5954
Ushbu samolyot Chikagoda namoyish etilgan Fan va sanoat muzeyi. U Shimoliy Afrikada tashlab qo'yilgan va 1941 yilda Britaniya kuchlari tomonidan topilgan. Ju 87 Buyuk Britaniya hukumati tomonidan sovg'a qilingan va urush paytida AQShga yuborilgan. 1974 yilda to'liq tiklangan EAA Viskonsin shtati.[187]
Bir Ju 87 tiklanmoqda:
- Ju 87 R-4, Werk Nr. 6234 (shu jumladan 857509)
Bir samolyot egalik qilgan ikkita halokatdan havoga yaroqli holatga keltirilmoqda Pol Allen "s Uchish merosi va jangovar zirh muzeyi.[188] Loyiha o'z identifikatsiyasini Ju 87 R-4 Werk Nr dan oladi. 62341941 yilda qurilgan va Stukageschwader 5 bilan xizmat qilgan. 1942 yil aprelda Murmanskni bombardimon qilish missiyasida o'qqa tutilgan,[189] u 1992 yilda qayta tiklandi. Qoldiqni Yangi Zelandiya kollektori sotib oldi Tim Uollis, dastlab aeroport maqomini tiklashni rejalashtirgan va keyinchalik Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlinda. Ikkinchi samolyotdan olingan qismlar, Ju 87 R-2 Werknummer 857509 Stammkennzeichen 1./St.G.5 dan LI + KU kodi va 1998 yilda Buyuk Britaniyaga qaytarilgan,[190] ham kiritilgan. Loyiha 2018 yil noyabr oyida namoyish etildi va tiklash 18 oydan ikki yilgacha davom etishi kerakligi aytilgan edi. Jamoa olib borilayotgan ishlarni kuzatishi uchun ish ko'rgazmali angarda olib boriladi.
Qoldiqlar qulab tushgan paytda boshqa samolyotlar omon qoladi:
- The Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlindagi ikkita to'liq samolyot qoldiqlari bor, ular yaqinida alohida halokat joylaridan topilgan Murmansk 1990 va 1994 yillarda. Ushbu halokatlar Yangi Zelandiya kollektoridan sotib olingan Tim Uollis Dastlab qoldiqlarni aeroportga qaytarishni 1996 yilda rejalashtirgan.[191]
- The Sinsheim Auto & Technik muzeyi yaqinida qulagan samolyot qoldiqlarini namoyish etadi Sankt-Tropez 1944 yilda va 1989 yilda dengiz tubidan ko'tarilgan.[192]
- 2006 yil oktyabr oyida Ju 87 D-3 / Trop. yaqinida, suv ostida qayta tiklandi Rodos. Hozir samolyot Yunoniston havo kuchlari muzeyi[193]
- Junkers Ju 87 B-2, kod 98 + 01, Werk Nr. 870406, da namoyish etiladi Yugoslaviya aviatsiya muzeyi, Belgrad.[194] Yana uchta qism topilgan (S2 + ?? [StG 77]; H4 + ?? [Luftlandegeschwader 1]; 5B + ?? [Nachtschlachtgruppe 10])[185]
- Junkers Ju 87 B-3 Werk Nr. 110757 yilda joylashgan Krocienko Wyżne qishlog'idan topilgan Polsha 2015 yil oktyabr oyida.[195]
Ju 87 halokati, Sinsheim Auto & Technik muzeyi (2008)
Deutsches Technikmuseum, faxriy qurolli qurol bilan Shimoliy Afrikadagi janglari haqida gapirdi
Yunoniston havo kuchlari muzeyidagi Ju 87
Texnik xususiyatlari (Ju 87B-1)
Ma'lumotlar [196]
Umumiy xususiyatlar
- Ekipaj: 2
- Uzunlik: 11.10 m (36 fut 5 dyuym)
- Qanotlari: 13.805 m (45 fut 3,5 dyuym)
- Balandligi: 4.01 m (13 ft 2 dyuym)
- Qanot maydoni: 31.900 m2 (343,37 kvadrat fut)
- Havo plyonkasi: Göttingen 256[197]
- Bo'sh vazn: 2,712 kg (5,980 funt) * Bo'sh jihozlangan vazn: 2,760 kg (6,090 funt)
- Maksimal parvoz og'irligi: 4,336 kg (9,560 funt)
- Elektr stansiyasi: 1 × Junkers Jumo 211Da V-12 teskari suyuq sovutgichli pistonli dvigatel, ko'tarilish uchun 890 kVt (1200 ot kuchiga teng)
- 1500 m (4,920 fut) da 820 kVt (1100 ot kuchi)
- Pervaneler: 3 pichoqli Yunkerlar doimiy tezlikda harakatlanadigan parvona
Ishlash
- Maksimal tezlik: Dengiz sathida 339,6 km / soat (211,0 milya, 183,4 kn)
- 383 km / soat (238 milya; 207 kn) 4,087 metrda (13,410 fut)
- Kruiz tezligi: 209 km / soat (130 milya, 113 kn) 4,572 metrda (15,000 fut)
- Qator: 500 kg (1,102 lb) bomba bilan 595,5 km (370,0 milya, 321,5 nmi)
- 789 km (490 mil; 426 nmi) bomba yukisiz
- Toqqa chiqish darajasi: 2.3 m / s (450 fut / min)
- Balandlikka ko'tarilish vaqti: 2 daqiqada 1000 m (3281 fut)
- 4 daqiqa 18 soniyada 2000 m (6562 fut)
- 12 daqiqada 3,716 m (12,190 fut)
Qurollanish
- Qurollar: 2 × 7,92 mm (0,312 dyuym) MG 17 avtomati oldinga, 1 × 7,92 mm (0,312 dyuym) MG 15 avtomati orqaga
- Bomba: Fyuzelyaj ostidagi 1 × 250 kg (550 lb) bomba va qanot ostidagi 4 × 50 kg (110 lb).
Shuningdek qarang
Bilan bog'liq rivojlanish
Taqqoslanadigan roli, konfiguratsiyasi va davridagi samolyotlar
- Aichi D3A
- Aichi B7A Ryusei
- Blekbern Skua
- Breda Ba.65
- Breda Ba.201
- Brewster SB2A qaroqchi
- Kurtiss SB2C Helldiver
- Duglas SBD Dauntless
- Fairey Barracuda
- Ilyushin Il-2
- Loire-Nieuport LN.401
- Nakajima B5N
- Nakajima B6N Tenzan
- Saab 17
- Vultee A-31 Vengeance
- Yokosuka D4Y Suisei
Tegishli ro'yxatlar
- Ikkinchi Jahon urushi samolyotlari ro'yxati
- Germaniyaning harbiy samolyotlari ro'yxati
- Bombardimonchi samolyotlar ro'yxati
Izohlar
- a Raqamlar bahslashmoqda. Grivl bosh muhandis Pichon ro'yxatiga qo'shimchalar keltiradi. Bu 5930 ta ishlab chiqarilganligini ko'rsatadi. Grivlning ta'kidlashicha, bunga barcha, hatto to'liq bo'lmagan mashinalar ham kirishi mumkin. Yunkerlarning yozuvlari Luftwaffe-ga etkazib berilgan 5126 samolyotni beradi.[198]
- b Germaniyaning ittifoqchilaridan birinchi bo'lib Stukasni Italiya qabul qildi. Regia Aeronautica 46 ta Ju 87 D-2 va D-3 sho'ng'in bombardimonchilari va ba'zi bir Ju 87 R-2 samolyotlarini etkazib berdi.[199] Bolgariya 12 Ju 87 R-2 va R-4 va 40 Ju 87 D-5 samolyotlarini qabul qildi.[200] Yaponiya Ju 87 A-1 (Ju 87 K-1 deb nomlangan) oldi. Xorvatlar Ju 87-larni qabul qilib olishdi Omad 1944 yil yanvarida bombardimonchi bo'linma. Ruminiyaliklar 90 Ju 87 D-3 va D-5 olishgan.[201] Vengriya 33/34 Ju 87 D-3 / D-5s va 11/12 B-1 va B-2s oldi.[202] Slovaklar Ju 87-larning noma'lum raqamlarini olishdi. Urushdan keyin beshta Ju 87 D-5 samolyotlari, OK-XAA - OK-XAE registrlari chexlar tomonidan urushdan keyin "B-37" ro'yxatdan o'tkazilishi OK-KAC sifatida yuritilgan.[203]
- v Werknummer (W.Nr) fabrikaning "Ishlar raqami" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Odatda bu raqamni Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi barcha nemis harbiy samolyotlarining vertikal stabilizatorida topish mumkin.
Adabiyotlar
- ^ a b v Griz 2001 yil, p. 37
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, 38-39 betlar
- ^ a b v Griz 2001 yil, p. 38
- ^ Murray 1983 yil, p. 13
- ^ Murray 1983 yil, p. 16
- ^ a b Griehl va Dressel 1998 yil, p. 53
- ^ Erfurth 2004 yil, p. 27
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 40
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 41
- ^ 2004 yil, p. 28
- ^ Mondey 1996 yil, 111-118 betlar
- ^ 2004 yil, p. 27
- ^ 2004 yil, p. 41
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, 42-44 betlar
- ^ a b 2004 yil, p. 31
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 44
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 46
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 47
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, 52-53 betlar
- ^ a b v d e f Erfurth 2004 yil, p. 48
- ^ a b v Erfurth 2004 yil, p. 50
- ^ Yashil 1979 yil, 438-439 betlar
- ^ a b Erfurth 2004 yil, p. 49
- ^ Gunston 1984 yil, p. 122
- ^ a b v d e f Griz 2001 yil, p. 61
- ^ Mahlke 2013, p. 132
- ^ Faqat 1986 yil, p. 54
- ^ Tompson va Smit 2008 yil, 235-236-betlar
- ^ Erfurth 2004 yil, p. 52
- ^ Erfurth 2004 yil, p. 53
- ^ a b Erfurth 2004 yil, p. 54
- ^ Dressel & Griel 1994 yil, 100-105 betlar
- ^ a b Griz 2001 yil, p. 179
- ^ a b Griz 2001 yil, p. 50
- ^ a b v Griz 2001 yil, p. 52
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 53
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 54
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 57
- ^ Erfurth 2004 yil, p. 40
- ^ Erfurth 2004 yil, p. 42
- ^ a b Griz 2001 yil, p. 63
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 64
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, 64-65-betlar
- ^ a b Boyne 1994 yil, p. 30
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 65
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 66
- ^ a b Griz 2001 yil, p. 68
- ^ a b Griz 2001 yil, p. 79
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, 80-81 betlar
- ^ a b v Griz 2001 yil, p. 49
- ^ a b v Griz 2001 yil, p. 240
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 241
- ^ a b Griz 2001 yil, p. 242
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 243
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- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 87
- ^ a b v d e Griz 2001 yil, p. 95
- ^ a b Griz 2001 yil, p. 99
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 97
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 98
- ^ a b v Griz 2001 yil, 101-102 betlar
- ^ a b Griz 2001 yil, p. 102
- ^ a b Griz 2001 yil, p. 103
- ^ a b v d Griz 2001 yil, p. 284
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 274
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, 274-275-betlar
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 286
- ^ Coram 2004 yil, p. 235
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, p. 349
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 209
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, 352-353 betlar
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, 352-353 betlar
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, 352-353 betlar
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 210
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, 210-212 betlar
- ^ Parker 1998 yil, p. 208
- ^ 2004 yil, p. 200
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, p. 354
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, 356, 363-betlar
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, p. 364
- ^ a b Griz 2001 yil, p. 115
- ^ a b v d e f Griz 2001 yil, 116–117-betlar
- ^ a b v Griz 2001 yil, p. 118
- ^ a b v Griz 2001 yil, p. 120
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, 120-121 betlar
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, 131-133-betlar
- ^ Griz 2001 yil, p. 134
- ^ a b Weal 1997 yil, p. 15
- ^ Gesalí & igñiguez 2012 yil, 470-472-betlar
- ^ Gesalí & igñiguez 2012 yil, 478-480 betlar
- ^ Gesalí & igñiguez 2012 yil, 482-448 betlar
- ^ Weal 1997 yil, 15-16 betlar
- ^ Weal 1997 yil, p. 17
- ^ Weal 1997 yil, 18-19 betlar
- ^ Weal 1997 yil, 21-22 betlar
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, 87-88 betlar
- ^ a b Weal 1997 yil, p. 22
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, p. 98
- ^ Hooton 2007 yil, p. 91
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, p. 101
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, 96-97 betlar
- ^ a b v Weal 1997 yil, p. 34
- ^ Weal 1997 yil, 34-35 betlar
- ^ a b Weal 1997 yil, p. 35
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, p. 114
- ^ a b Smit 2011 yil, p. 118
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, 113-115 betlar
- ^ Weal 1997 yil, p. 37
- ^ 2004 yil, 68-69 betlar
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, p. 116
- ^ a b Weal 1997 yil, p. 43
- ^ a b Smit 2011 yil, p. 124
- ^ Weal 1997 yil, p. 46
- ^ 2004 yil, 73-74-betlar
- ^ Boyne 1994 yil, p. 78
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, 124, 131-140 betlar
- ^ Hooton 2007 yil, p. 67
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, p. 138
- ^ Weal 1997 yil, 52-53 betlar
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, 138-140-betlar
- ^ Hooton 2007 yil, p. 74
- ^ Weal 1997 yil, p. 55
- ^ 2004 yil, p. 94
- ^ Weal 1997 yil, 66-67 betlar
- ^ 2004 yil, p. 105
- ^ Bungay 2000 yil, 251–257 betlar
- ^ Weal 1997 yil, p. 83
- ^ a b 2004 yil, 108-109 betlar
- ^ Weal 1997 yil, p. 66
- ^ a b v d Smit 2007 yil, p. 51
- ^ Yog'och va Dempster 2003 yil, p. 228
- ^ 2004 yil, p. 109
- ^ Weal 1998 yil, p. 7
- ^ Weal 1998 yil, p. 9
- ^ a b Gunston 1984 yil, p. 137
- ^ Weal 1998 yil, p. 23
- ^ Smit 2011 yil, p. 218
- ^ 2004 yil, p. 120
- ^ Ciglic & Savic 2007 yil, p. 59
- ^ Weal 1998 yil, p. 32
- ^ 2004 yil, p. 121 2
- ^ Weal 1998 yil, p. 38
- ^ Weal 1998 yil, 38-39 betlar
- ^ 2004 yil, p. 123
- ^ Weal 1998 yil, 45-51 betlar
- ^ Weal 1998 yil, p. 44
- ^ Weal 1998 yil, p. 65
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Qo'shimcha o'qish
- de Zeng, H.L., D.G. Stanket va E.J. Krik. 1933-1945 yillardagi Luftvaffening bombardimon bo'linmalari: ma'lumot manbasi, 1-jild. London: Yan Allan nashriyoti, 2007 y. ISBN 978-1-85780-279-5
- de Zeng, H.L., D.G. Stanket va E.J. Krik. 1933-1945 yillardagi Luftvaffening bombardimon bo'linmalari: ma'lumot manbasi, 2-jild. London: Yan Allan nashriyoti, 2007 y. ISBN 978-1-903223-87-1
- Eyzenbax, Xans Piter. Fronteinsätze eines Stuka-Fliegers: Mittelmeer und Ostfront 1943/1944 (nemis tilida). Berlin: Helios Verlag, 2009 yil. ISBN 978-3-938208-96-0
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