Nansens Fram ekspeditsiya - Nansens Fram expedition - Wikipedia

Bug 'kuchi ostida uch ustunli kema, bir necha eshkak eshish qayiqlari ishtirok etgan suv bo'ylab harakatlanadi. Orqa tomonda bir qator tepaliklar joylashgan bo'lib, suv bo'yida binolar zaif ko'rinib turadi.
Fram barglar Bergen uchun bog'langan 1893 yil 2-iyulda Shimoliy Muz okeani
Ekspeditsiya bosib o'tgan hududlarni ko'rsatadigan davr xaritasi[1]

Nansenniki Fram ekspeditsiya 1893–1896 yillardagi urinishlar edi Norvegiya tadqiqotchi Fridtof Nansen geografik holatga erishish Shimoliy qutb tabiiy sharqiy-g'arbiy oqimidan foydalanish orqali Shimoliy Muz okeani. Boshqa qutb tadqiqotchilaridan tushkunlikka tushgan Nansen o'z kemasini oldi Fram uchun Yangi Sibir orollari sharqiy Shimoliy Muz okeanida uni muzlatib qo'ydi muz to'plang va uni tirgakka qarab olib borishini kutib turdi. 18 oydan keyin Nansen va tanlangan hamrohi, asta-sekinlik va siljishning notekis xarakteridan sabrsiz, Xyalmar Yoxansen, itni va chanalarni jamoasi bilan kemani tark etib, ustun uchun qilingan. Ular bunga erishmadilar, ammo ular rekordni qo'lga kiritishdi Eng shimoliy Xavfsizlikka erishish uchun muz va suv ustida uzoqroq chekinishdan oldin 86 ° 13.6′N kenglik Frants Josef Land. Ayni paytda, Fram g'arb tomon siljishni davom ettirdi va nihoyat Shimoliy Atlantika okeanida paydo bo'ldi.

Ekspeditsiya g'oyasi Amerika kemasidan olingan narsalardan keyin paydo bo'ldi Janet shimoliy qirg'og'ida cho'kib ketgan Sibir 1881 yilda, uch yildan so'ng janubi-g'arbiy sohilida topilgan Grenlandiya. Qoldiqlar qutb okeanidan, ehtimol qutbning o'zi orqali olib o'tilgani aniq. Grenlandiya qirg'og'idan chiqarilgan ushbu va boshqa qoldiqlarga asoslanib, meteorolog Xenrik Moh transpolyar drift nazariyasini ishlab chiqdi, bu esa Nansenni maxsus ishlab chiqilgan kema paket muzida muzlatib qo'yishi va shu yo'l bilan yurishi mumkinligiga ishonishiga olib keldi. Janet vayronalar, shu bilan qutb yaqiniga etib borgan.

Nansen korpusi yumaloq va muzdan uzoq vaqt bosim o'tkazishga mo'ljallangan boshqa xususiyatlari bo'lgan kema qurilishini boshqargan. Uning uzoq muddatli qamoq paytida kemaga kamdan-kam hollarda tahdid qilishgan va uch yildan so'ng yarador bo'lmagan holda paydo bo'lgan. Ushbu davrda olib borilgan ilmiy kuzatuvlar yangi intizomga katta hissa qo'shdi okeanografiya keyinchalik Nansen ilmiy ishining asosiy yo'nalishiga aylandi. Framning drift va Nansenning chanaga sayohati, ular o'rtasida sezilarli er massalari yo'qligini aniq isbotladi Evroosiyo qit'alar va Shimoliy qutbga ega bo'lib, shimoliy qutb mintaqasining umumiy xarakterini chuqur, muz bilan qoplangan dengiz sifatida tasdiqladi. Ushbu ekspeditsiyadan so'ng Nansen razvedkadan nafaqaga chiqqan bo'lsa-da, u Yoxansen bilan birgalikda sayohat qilish va omon qolish usullari keyingi uch o'n yillikda kuzatilgan barcha shimoliy va janubiy qutb ekspeditsiyalariga ta'sir ko'rsatdi.

Fon

Sariq mo'ylovli, o'ng tomonga qarab turgan yosh, sochlari oq sochli erkakning boshi va elkalari. U bo'yniga tugmachali ko'ylagi kiyib olgan.
Fridtof Nansen uning Grenlandiyadan o'tishi paytida

1879 yil sentyabrda, Janet, sobiqQirollik floti tomonidan o'zgartirilgan qurolli qayiq AQSh dengiz kuchlari Arktikani o'rganish uchun va buyruq bergan Jorj V. De Long, muzning shimoliy qismiga kirdi Bering bo'g'ozi. U qariyb ikki yil davomida muz bilan bog'lanib, mintaqa tomon siljidi Yangi Sibir orollari, 1881 yil 13-iyunda ezilib, cho'ktirilishidan oldin.[2] Uning ekipaji qayiqlarda qochib, Sibir qirg'og'iga etib borishdi; ko'pchilik, shu jumladan De Long, keyinchalik qayiqda sayohat paytida yoki cho'llarda halok bo'ldi Lena daryosi delta.[3] Uch yildan so'ng, qoldiqlar Janet atrofida, dunyoning qarama-qarshi tomonida paydo bo'lgan Julianehaab Grenlandiyaning janubi-g'arbiy sohilida. Suzib ketayotgan muzga singib ketgan bu buyumlar tarkibiga De Long tomonidan imzolangan kiyim-kechak ekipaj a'zolarining ismlari va hujjatlari kiritilgan; ular shubhasiz haqiqiy edi.[4]

1884 yilda ma'ruzada Norvegiya fan va adabiyot akademiyasi Doktor Xenrik Moh, zamonaviy asoschilaridan biri meteorologiya, ning topilishi deb ta'kidladi Janet yodgorliklar sharqdan g'arbga butun Shimoliy Muz okeani bo'ylab oqayotgan okean oqimi mavjudligini ko'rsatdi. Daniya guliya Julianehaab topilma haqida yozar ekan, Sibir dengiziga muzlatib qo'yilgan ekspeditsiya, agar uning kemasi etarlicha kuchli ekanligi aniqlansa, qutb okeanini kesib o'tib, Janubiy Grenlandiyaga tushishi mumkin deb taxmin qildi.[4] Ushbu nazariyalarni 23 yoshli Fridtof Nansen qiziqish bilan o'qidi, keyin u erda kurator bo'lib ishlagan. Bergen muzeyi doktorlik dissertatsiyasini tugatayotganda.[5] Nansen allaqachon muzlagan shimol tomonidan asirga olingan edi; ikki yil oldin u to'rt oylik sayohatni boshdan kechirgan plomba VikingBu uch hafta davomida muzli muz ichida qolgan edi.[6] Tajribali chang'ichi Nansen Grenlandiya muz qopqog'ining birinchi o'tish joyini boshqarishni rejalashtirayotgan edi,[7] akademik tadqiqotlar talablari bilan kechiktirilgan, ammo 1888–89 yillarda g'alaba qozongan. Shu yillar davomida Nansen sharqiy-g'arbiy Arktikaning siljish nazariyasini va uning qutblarni yanada o'rganish uchun o'ziga xos imkoniyatlarini esladi va Grenlandiyadan qaytganidan ko'p o'tmay u o'z rejalarini e'lon qilishga tayyor edi.[8]

Tayyorgarlik

Reja

Shimoliy qutbga yo'naltirilgan Yer sharining bir qismi Evroosiyo va Amerikaning kontinental massalarini, shuningdek Grenlandiya, Spitsbergen va Yangi Sibir orollarini aks ettiradi. Nazariy siljish Yangi Sibir orollaridan Shimoliy qutb orqali o'tib, Shpitsbergen va Grenlandiya oralig'ida Atlantika okeaniga etib boruvchi chiziq bilan ko'rsatiladi.
Shimoliy Muz okeani, Yangi Sibir orollaridan Atlantika okeaniga siljishning nazariy yo'nalishini ko'rsatmoqda

1890 yil fevralda Nansen yig'ilishida nutq so'zladi Norvegiya geografik jamiyati yilda Oslo (keyinchalik Xristianiya deb nomlangan). G'arbdan Shimoliy qutbga yaqinlashgan ko'plab ekspeditsiyalarning muvaffaqiyatsizliklariga e'tibor qaratgandan so'ng, u kashfiyotning natijalarini ko'rib chiqdi Janet buyumlar, shuningdek, Grenlandiya sohilida aniqlangan Sibir yoki Alyaskadan olingan moyli daraxt va boshqa chiqindilar. "Bularning barchasini birlashtirib, - dedi Nansen," biz oqim ... Sibir Arktik dengizidan Grenlandiyaning sharqiy qirg'og'igacha oqadi "degan xulosaga keldik, ehtimol qutbdan o'tib ketdi. Ko'rinib turibdiki, "qutbning shimol tomonga oqadigan tomonidagi oqimga kirib borish va uning yordami bilan shu paytgacha [hozirgi oqimga] qarshi ishlaganlarning barchasi intilgan mintaqalarga kirib borish. erishish uchun bejizga. "[9]

Nansenning rejasi uchun suzib yuruvchi va dvigatel bilan ishlaydigan, yoqilg'i va o'n ikki kishiga besh yil davomida oziq-ovqat etkazib berishga qodir bo'lgan kichik, kuchli va manevrli kema kerak edi.[10] Kema ergashib ketar edi Janetning Yangi Sibir orollariga yo'nalish va taxminan holatida Janetning cho'kish, muz sharoitlari yaxshi bo'lganida "biz iloji boricha muzlar orasiga kirib boramiz."[10] Keyin kema muz bilan qutb tomon siljiydi va oxir-oqibat Grenlandiya va Spitsbergen o'rtasidagi dengizga etib boradi. Agar kema asoschisi, ehtimol Nansen ehtimoldan yiroq deb o'ylagan bo'lsa, partiya lagerga joylashib, o'zini xavfsizlikka olib borishga imkon beradi. Nansen shunday dedi: "Agar Janet Ekspeditsiya etarlicha oziq-ovqatga ega edi va yodgorliklar topilgan muz qatlamida qoldi, natijada u mavjud bo'lganidan juda farq qilishi mumkin edi. "[11]

Nansenning rejalari jamoatchilikka ma'lum bo'lganda The New York Times g'ayratli bo'lib, "Shimoliy qutb orqali Shimoliy Muz okeani orqali nisbatan qisqa va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yo'l borligi va tabiatning o'zi u orqali aloqa vositasini ta'minlaganligi juda katta ehtimollik" deb hisobladi.[12] Biroq, eng tajribali qutbli qo'llar beparvo edi. Amerikalik kashfiyotchi Adolphus Greely uni "mantiqsiz o'z-o'zini yo'q qilish sxemasi" deb atagan;[13] uning yordamchisi leytenant Devid Brainerd buni "hozirgi kungacha boshlangan eng noto'g'ri sxemalardan biri" deb atadi va bu falokat bilan tugashini bashorat qildi.[14] Sir Allen Yang, qidiruvlar faxriysi Ser Jon Franklinning yo'qolgan ekspeditsiyasi, muzni maydalash bosimiga bardosh beradigan kema qurilishi mumkinligiga ishonmadi: "Agar shish bo'lmasa, u qanday materialdan yasalgan bo'lsa ham, uning ichidan o'tishi kerak."[15] Janob Jozef Xuker bilan birga janubga suzib ketgan Jeyms Klark Ross 1839-43 yillarda xuddi shunday fikrda bo'lgan va xatarlarni qabul qilishga loyiq emas deb o'ylagan.[16][17] Biroq, teng darajada tajribali Ser Leopold Makklintok Nansenning loyihasini "Qirollik geografik jamiyati tomonidan e'lon qilingan eng sarguzashtli dastur" deb atadi. Shved xayriyachi Oskar Dikson kim moliyalashtirgan Baron Nordenskiyold ning fathi Shimoliy-Sharqiy o'tish yo'li 1878-79 yillarda Nansenning xarajatlarini qoplashni taklif qilish uchun etarlicha taassurot qoldirdi. Norvegiya millatchiligi kuchayib borayotgan bo'lsa-da, bu ularning imo-ishorasi kasaba uyushma sherigi Shvetsiya Norvegiya matbuotida dushmanlikni qo'zg'atdi; Nansen faqat Norvegiyaning qo'llab-quvvatlashiga ishonishga qaror qildi va Diksonning taklifini rad etdi.[18]

Moliya

Nansenning ekspeditsiyaning umumiy qiymati bo'yicha dastlabki hisob-kitobi 300 000 kr edi. Oldida ehtirosli nutq so'zlagandan so'ng Norvegiya parlamenti (Storting),[a] Nansen 200 000 NOK grant bilan taqdirlandi; balans 20000 kronani o'z ichiga olgan shaxsiy badallar hisobiga ko'tarildi Norvegiya va Shvetsiya qiroli Oskar II. The Qirollik geografik jamiyati Londonda 300 funt sterling (taxminan 6000 NOK) berdi.[20] Afsuski, Nansen talab qilinadigan moliyalashtirishni past baholagan edi - faqatgina kema uning ixtiyoridagi mablag'dan ko'proq xarajat qilar edi. Stortingga qayta iltijo bilan yana 80 000 NOK ishlab chiqarildi va milliy murojaat umumiy summani 445 000 NOKga oshirdi. Nansenning shaxsiy ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, u qolgan kamchilikni o'z mablag'lari hisobidan qoplagan.[21] Uning tarjimai holi Roland Xantford 12000 NOK yakuniy defitsiti ikki badavlat tarafdorlari tomonidan bartaraf etilganligini qayd etadi, Aksel Xayberg va chet ellik ingliz Charlz Dik.[22]

Kema

Asosiy maqola: Fram
Framning to'rtta me'mor chizilgan rasmlari. Yon qism turli bo'limlarni va ulardan foydalanishni aniqlaydi; kemaning rejasi kemaning umumiy tartibini ko'rsatadi; old va orqa korpus qismlari korpusning yumaloq tabiatini ko'rsatadi.
Uchun bo'lim va reja rasmlari Fram, Nansen va kema quruvchi o'rtasida kelishilgan Kolin Archer

Nansen o'zining kemasini loyihalashtirish va qurish uchun tanladi Kolin Archer, Norvegiyaning etakchi kema quruvchisi va dengiz me'mori. Archer dengiz sathidan foydalanish qobiliyatini sayozlik bilan birlashtirgan ma'lum bir korpus dizayni bilan mashhur edi qoralama, va odatiy orqa qismi nuqta bilan almashtirilib, manevr qobiliyatini oshiradigan "ikki tomonlama" hunarmandchilik dizayniga kashshof bo'lgan.[23] Nansen Archer "rejalashtirilgan kema rejasi bo'yicha reja tuzgan; birin ketin modellar tayyorlanib tashlangan" deb yozadi.[24] Nihoyat, dizayn bo'yicha kelishuvga erishildi va 1891 yil 9-iyun kuni ikkala shaxs shartnomani imzoladilar.[23]

Nansen kemani bir yil ichida istagan; u hech kim uning g'oyalarini qabul qilishi va uni o'rab olishidan oldin u qochib ketishga intilgan edi.[25] Kema eng muhim tashqi xususiyati - bu korpusning dumaloqligi, muz ustida ushlab turadigan hech narsa bo'lmasligi uchun yaratilganligi. Kamon, dabdabali va keel yumaloq qilib, Nansenning so'zlari bilan aytganda, idish "muz quchog'idan ilon kabi siljib ketishi" uchun yon tomonlari silliqlashtirildi.[26] Janubiy Amerikada ajoyib kuch berish uchun korpus kiyib olindi yashil yurak, mavjud bo'lgan eng qiyin yog'och. Korpusni tashkil etuvchi uchta yog'och qatlam, qalinligi 24 dan 28 dyuymgacha (60-70 sm) kamon atrofida 48 dyuym (1,25 metr) gacha ko'tarilib, temirning dastasi bilan himoyalangan. Qo'shimcha kuch tanasining butun uzunligi bo'ylab tirgaklar va qavslar bilan ta'minlandi.[26]

Tukli, og'ir soqolli odamning boshi va elkalari o'ng tomonga qaraydi
Kolin Archer, dizayner va quruvchisi Fram

Kema uchta tirgak kabi qalbakilashtirilgan skuner, suzib yurishning umumiy maydoni 6000 kvadrat fut (560 m)2). Uning 220 ot kuchiga ega yordamchi dvigateli 7 tugungacha (13 km / soat; 8,1 milya) tezlikka ega edi.[27] Biroq, tezlik va suzib yurish fazilatlari bir necha yilga cho'zilishi mumkin bo'lgan siljish paytida Nansen va uning ekipaji uchun xavfsiz va iliq qal'ani ta'minlash talabidan ikkinchi darajali edi, shuning uchun yashash joylarini izolyatsiyalashga alohida e'tibor berildi.[20] 400 atrofidayalpi registr tonnaji, kema Nansen kutganidan ancha kattaroq edi,[b] umumiy uzunligi (39 m) va eni (11 m) 36 (11 m) kengligi bilan uchdan bittasidan sal ko'proq nisbati unga g'ayrioddiy o'jar ko'rinishga olib keldi.[c][29] Ushbu g'alati shaklni Archer quyidagicha izohladi: "[Nansen ob'ekti uchun mosligini hisobga olgan holda qurilgan kema, aslida ma'lum bo'lgan har qanday kemadan farq qilishi kerak".[30] 1892 yil 6 oktyabrda Archerning hovlisida Larvik, kemani Nansenning rafiqasi ishga tushirdi Eva qisqa marosimdan keyin. Kema nomini oldi Fram, "Oldinga" degan ma'noni anglatadi.[29]

Ekipaj

1888–89 yillardagi Grenlandiyadagi ekspeditsiyasi uchun Nansen anchagina katta o'qitilgan guruhga tayanib, keng ko'lamli xodimlarga, kemalarga va zaxiraga bog'liqlikdan chiqib ketdi.[31] Uchun xuddi shu printsipdan foydalanish Fram sayohat, Nansen butun dunyodan kelgan minglab arizalar orasidan atigi o'n ikki kishilik partiyani tanladi. Ariza beruvchilardan biri 20 yoshli yigit edi Roald Amundsen, Janubiy qutbning kelajakdagi g'olibi, uning onasi uni borishni to'xtatdi. Ingliz sayohatchisi Frederik Jekson murojaat qilgan, ammo Nansen faqat norvegiyaliklarni xohlagan, shuning uchun Jekson Frants Yozef Landga o'z ekspeditsiyasini tashkil qilgan.[32]

Kema kapitanligi va ekspeditsiyaning ikkinchi qo'mondoni Nansen tanlagan vazifasini bajarishi uchun Otto Sverdrup, Grenlandiya o'tishida qatnashgan tajribali dengizchi. Teodor Jakobsen, Arktikada a-ning boshlig'i sifatida tajribaga ega edi bema'ni sifatida imzolangan Framning turmush o'rtog'i va yosh dengiz leytenanti, Sigurd Skott Xansen, meteorologik va magnit kuzatuvlarni o'z zimmasiga oldi. Kema shifokori va ekspeditsiyaning botanigi, tibbiyotni oldinroq tugatgan Henrik Blessing edi Framning suzish sanasi. Xyalmar Yoxansen, armiya zaxirasidagi leytenant va it haydash bo'yicha mutaxassis, ekspeditsiyaga qo'shilishga shunchalik qat'iy qaror qildiki, u imzolashga rozi bo'ldi stoker, u vaqtgacha mavjud bo'lgan yagona pozitsiya. Xuddi shu tarzda Adolf Juell, dengizda umr yo'ldoshi va kapitan sifatida 20 yillik tajribaga ega bo'lib, oshpaz lavozimini egalladi. Fram sayohat.[33] Ivar Mogstad rasmiy edi Gaustad psixiatriya kasalxonasi, ammo uning hunarmand va mexanik sifatidagi texnik qobiliyatlari Nansenni hayratga soldi.[34] Partiyadagi eng keksa odam, 40 yoshda, bosh muhandis Anton Amundsen edi (Roaldning aloqasi yo'q). Ikkinchi muhandis Lars Pettersen o'z shved fuqaroligini Nansendan saqlab qoldi va tez orada uning kemadoshlari tomonidan kashf etilgan bo'lsa-da, u ekspeditsiyada qolishga ruxsat berildi, partiyadagi norvegiyalik yagona.[35] Qolgan ekipaj a'zolari Piter Henriksen, Bernxard Nordahl va Bernt Bentzen bo'lib, ular so'nggi ekspeditsiyaga qo'shilishgan. Tromsø juda qisqa vaqt ichida.[33]

Sayohat

Sharqiy Shimoliy Muz okeani, shu jumladan Barents, Qora va Laptev dengizlari, Shimoliy qutb va Evroosiyo sohillari orasidagi hududni namoyish etadi. Muhim orol guruhlari (Shpitsbergen, Frants Jozef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Yangi Sibir orollari) ko'rsatilgan.
1893–96 yillarda olib borilgan marshrutlar Fram ekspeditsiya:
  Framning Vardodan sharqqa qarab Sibir qirg'og'i bo'ylab, Yangi Sibir orollaridan shimolga burilib, muz muziga kirish uchun, 1893 yil iyul-sentyabr
  Framning shimol va g'arbdan Yangi Sibir orollaridan Shpitsbergenga muzlik tomon siljigan, 1893 yil sentyabr - 1896 yil avgust
  Nansen va Yoxansenning 86 ° 13.6′N shimolidagi eng uzoq shimolga yurishi va undan keyin Frants-Jozef yeridagi Flora burniga chekinishi, 1895 yil mart - 1896 yil iyun.
  Nansen va Yoxansenning Cape Flora shahridan Vardodan qaytishi, 1896 yil avgust
  Framning Spitsbergendan Tromsøga sayohat, 1896 yil avgust

Muzga sayohat

Safar boshlanishidan oldin Nansen asl rejasidan chetga chiqishga qaror qildi: ergashish o'rniga Janetning Bering bo'g'ozi orqali Yangi Sibir orollariga boradigan yo'l, u Nordenskiyoldning yo'lini bosib, qisqa sayohat qilar edi Shimoliy-Sharqiy o'tish yo'li Sibirning shimoliy qirg'og'i bo'ylab.[d][37] Fram 1893 yil 24-iyunda xristianiyadan ketib, yo'lda qal'adan to'p salyuti va minglab xayrixohlarning xursandchiligi bilan ko'rilgan.[38] Bu xayrlashuvlar seriyasining birinchisi edi Fram qirg'oq bo'ylab suzib o'tib, shimol tomonga etib bordi Bergen 1 iyulda (Nansen sharafiga katta ziyofat bo'lgan joyda), Trondxaym 5 iyulda va Tromsø, shimolida Arktika doirasi, bir hafta o'tgach. Norvegiyaning so'nggi qo'ng'iroq porti bo'ldi Vardø, qayerda Fram 18 iyulda keldi. Bortga yakuniy qoidalar qabul qilingandan so'ng, Nansen, Sverdrup, Xansen va Blessing so'nggi soatlarini qirg'oqda o'tkazdilar. sauna, ikki yosh qiz tomonidan qayin novdalari bilan kaltaklangan.[39][40]

Sharq tomon sayohatning birinchi oyog'i boshlandi Fram bo'ylab Barents dengizi tomonga Novaya Zemlya keyin Shimoliy Rossiyaning Xabarova aholi punktiga itlarning birinchi partiyasi olib kelingan. 3 avgustda Fram langarni tortib, ehtiyotkorlik bilan sharq tomon harakatlanib Qora dengiz Ertasiga; ertangi kun.[41] Bundan oldin Qora dengizida kam sonli kemalar suzib o'tgan va jadvallar to'liq bo'lmagan. 18-avgust kuni Yenisey daryosi delta, ochilmagan orol topildi va nomlandi Sverdrup oroli keyin Framning qo'mondon.[42][43] Fram endi tomonga qarab harakatlanayotgan edi Taymir yarim oroli va Chelyuskin burni, Evroosiyo kontinental massasining eng shimoliy nuqtasi. Kuchli muz ekspeditsiyaning rivojlanishini sekinlashtirdi va avgust oyi oxirida u to'rt kun davomida ushlab turilib, kema qozonxonasi ta'mirlanib, tozalandi. Ekipaj ham tajribaga ega o'lik suv Bu hodisa, kemaning oldinga siljishiga og'irroq sho'r suv ustida yotgan toza suv qatlami sabab bo'lgan energiya tarqalishi to'sqinlik qiladi.[43] 9 sentyabr kuni muzsiz suvning keng qismi ochildi va ertasi kuni Fram Chelyuskin burni - bu Nordenskiyolddan keyingi ikkinchi kema Vega 1878 yilda - ga kirdi Laptev dengizi.[43]

Muzning oldini olishdan keyin uning og'ziga etib borishi mumkin Olenyok daryosi, itlarning ikkinchi partiyasi olib ketishni kutayotgan joyda, Fram shimol va sharqdan Yangi Sibir orollari tomon siljigan. Nansenning umidi 80 ° shimoliy kenglikda ochiq suv topib, so'ngra to'plamga kirish edi; ammo, 20 sentyabr kuni muz 78 ° janubda ko'rilgan. Fram 78 ° belgisidan narida joylashgan kichik ko'rfazda to'xtashdan oldin muz chizig'ini kuzatib bordi. 28 sentyabr kuni muzning buzilmasligi ayon bo'ldi va itlar kemadan muz ustidagi pitomniklarga ko'chirildi. 5-oktabr kuni rul xavfsiz joyga ko'tarildi va kema, Skot Xansenning so'zlari bilan aytganda, "qishda yaxshi va chinakam bog'langan" edi.[44] Joylashuvi 78 ° 49′N, 132 ° 53′E edi.[45]

Drift (birinchi bosqich)

9 oktyabrda Fram muz bosimining birinchi tajribasini boshdan kechirdi. Archerning loyihasi tezda ko'tarildi va yiqilib tushganda, muz korpusni ushlay olmadi.[45] Aks holda muzning dastlabki haftalari umidsizlikka uchradi, chunki oldindan aytib bo'lmaydigan siljish harakatga keldi Fram gyratory tarzida, ba'zan shimol, ba'zan janub;[37] olti haftadan so'ng, 19-noyabrga qadar, Fram u muzga kirgan kenglikdan janubda edi.[46]

Erkakning boshi va yuqori tanasi, o'ng tomonga qaragan. U og'ir mo'ynali kiyimda, shu jumladan yuzi katta qismini yashiradigan shlyapa kiygan, garchi profil aniq bo'lsa-da
Xyalmar Yoxansen, Framning stoker va it haydash bo'yicha mutaxassis, Nansenning Shimoliy qutb chizig'i uchun tanlangan sherigi

Quyosh g'oyib bo'lgandan so'ng, 25 oktyabr kuni kema shamol bilan ishlaydigan generatordan elektr lampalar bilan yoritilgan.[47] Ekipaj zerikish va harakatsizlik asosiy dushmanlar bo'lgan qulay kun tartibiga o'tirdi. Erkaklar bir-birlarini g'azablantira boshladilar va ba'zida janjallar boshlandi.[48] Nansen gazeta chiqarishga urinib ko'rdi, ammo tez orada loyiha qiziqishning yo'qligi tufayli amalga oshdi. Kichik vazifalar bajarildi va ilmiy kuzatuvlar davom ettirildi, ammo shoshilinch bo'lmagan. Nansen o'z xafagarchilikni jurnalida quyidagicha ifodalagan: «Men o'zimni his qilyapman kerak mana shu o'liklikni, harakatsizlikni sinab ko'ring va mening kuchlarim uchun qandaydir vositani toping. "Va keyinroq:" Biror narsa sodir bo'lishi mumkin emasmi? Dovul kelib, bu muzni yirtib tashlashi mumkin emasmi? "[49] Faqatgina yil boshidan keyin, 1894 yil yanvarida, shimoliy yo'nalish umuman qaror topdi. 80 ° belgisi nihoyat 22 martda o'tdi.[50]

Driftning noaniq yo'nalishi va sekin tezligiga asoslanib, Nansen kemaning qutbga etib borishi uchun besh yil vaqt ketishi mumkinligini hisoblab chiqdi.[51] 1894 yil yanvar oyida u birinchi bo'lib Henriksen va Yoxansen bilan itlar bilan chanaga sayohat qilish imkoniyatini muhokama qildi. Fram qutbga, garchi ular darhol rejalarni tuzmagan bo'lsalar ham.[51] Nansen it haydashni o'zlashtirishga birinchi urinishlari sharmandali muvaffaqiyatsizlik edi,[52] ammo u sabr qildi va asta-sekin yaxshi natijalarga erishdi.[53] Shuningdek, u chang'i chang'isining normal tezligi yuklangan chanalarni tortayotgan itlarnikiga teng ekanligini aniqladi. Erkaklar chanaga minishdan ko'ra, o'z kuchlari ostida, chang'i bilan sayohat qilishlari mumkin edi va shunga ko'ra yuklarni oshirish mumkin edi. Bu, biograf va tarixchining so'zlariga ko'ra Roland Xantford, qutbli sayohat usullarida inqilobni tashkil etdi.[54]

Muzli gumbazlar bilan o'ralgan sovuq bilan qoplangan kemaning yarim frontal ko'rinishi. Yaqinda muz ustida yolg'iz figura turibdi.
Fram, muzda o'tkazilgan, 1894 yil mart

Tantanalardan ikki kun o'tib, 19-may kuni Norvegiyaning Milliy kuni, Fram 81 ° dan o'tib, kemaning shimoliy tezligi asta-sekin o'sib borayotganligini ko'rsatmoqda, garchi u kuniga atigi bir mil (1,6 km). Ustunga etib borish uchun chanani sayohat qilish kerak bo'lishi mumkinligi tobora kuchayib borayotganligi sababli, sentyabr oyida Nansen hamma kuniga ikki soat chang'i sporti bilan shug'ullanishni buyurdi. 16 noyabrda u ekipajga o'z niyatini ochib berdi: u va bitta sherigi kemani tark etib, 83 ° belgisi o'tganidan keyin qutbga qarab ketishadi. Ustunga etib borgandan so'ng, juftlik buni amalga oshirishi kerak edi Frants Josef Land va keyin Spitsbergenga boring, u erda ularni uyiga olib boradigan kemani topishga umid qildilar. Uch kundan keyin Nansen ekipaj orasida eng tajribali it haydovchisi Xjalmar Yoxansendan qutbli sayohatda unga qo'shilishni iltimos qildi.[55]

Ekipaj keyingi oylarda kutib olish uchun tirgakka tayyorgarlik ko'rdi. Ustida Inuit model, ular qurdilar qamutit bu dengizning muzli erlari bo'ylab tez sayohat qilishni osonlashtiradigan va qurilgan baydarkalar kutilayotgan suv o'tishlari paytida foydalanish uchun.[56] Maxsus kiyim va boshqa jihozlarning cheksiz sinovlari bo'lgan. Zo'ravonlik va uzoq muddatli silkinishlar kemani 1895 yil 3-yanvarda silkitishni boshladi va ikki kundan keyin ekipaj kemani ezilishini kutib, kemadan tushdi. Buning o'rniga bosim pasayib ketdi va ekipaj kemaga qaytib, Nansenning sayohatiga tayyorgarlikni davom ettirdi. Hayajondan keyin bu ta'kidlandi Fram orqada yurgan edi Gritli Eng shimoliy rekord 83 ° 24 va 8 yanvar kuni 83 ° 34′ darajasida edi.[57]

Qutb uchun mart

Bir guruh erkaklar muz ustida itlar va chanalar bilan suratga tushishdi, orqa tomonda kema konturi ko'rinib turardi
Nihoyat Nansen va Yoxansen qutbli sayohatlariga jo'nadilar, 1895 yil 14 mart. Nansen uzun bo'yli figuradir, chapdan ikkinchi; Yoxansen o'ngdan ikkinchi joyda turibdi.

1895 yil 17-fevralda Nansen rafiqasi Eva bilan xayrlashuv xati boshladi, agar u qayg'uga tushishi kerak bo'lsa, "siz o'zingizning suratingiz men ko'rgan so'nggi narsa bo'lishini bilasiz" deb yozgan.[58] Shuningdek, u ustundan keyin mo'ljallangan manzil - Frants Josef Land haqida hamma narsani o'qiyotgan. The arxipelag tomonidan 1873 yilda kashf etilgan Julius Payer va to'liq bo'lmagan xaritada edi.[e] Biroq, bu, ehtimol, son-sanoqsiz ayiq va muhrlarning uyi edi va Nansen uni tsivilizatsiyaga qaytish yo'lida ajoyib oziq-ovqat manbai deb bildi.[60]

14-mart kuni, kema 84 ° 4 atN da, juftlik nihoyat qutb yurishini boshladi. Bu ularning kemadan ketishga bo'lgan uchinchi urinishlari edi; 26-fevralda va yana 28-chanada chanalarning shikastlanishi ularni qisqa masofani bosib o'tib qaytishga majbur qildi.[61][62] Ushbu baxtsiz hodisalardan so'ng Nansen o'z jihozlarini yaxshilab ta'mirladi, sayohat do'konlarini minimallashtirdi, og'irliklarni qayta hisoblab chiqdi va kolonnani uchta chanaga tushirdi. Qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar jufti bilan birga borishdi va birinchi tungi lagerda bo'lishdi. Ertasi kuni Nansen va Yoxansen yolg'iz chang'ida yurishdi.[63][64]

Dastlab juftlik asosan tekis qor maydonlari bo'ylab sayohat qilgan. Nansen qutbgacha 356 dengiz milini (660 km; 410 milya) bosib o'tishga 50 kunlik vaqt ajratdi, bu o'rtacha kunlik sayohat uchun etti dengiz milini (13 km; 8,1 mil) bosib o'tishni talab qildi. 22 martda a sekstant kuzatish shuni ko'rsatdiki, juftlik qutb tomon 65 dengiz milini (120 km; 75 mil) kunlik o'rtacha to'qqiz dengiz milini (17 km; 10 mil) bosib o'tgan. Bunga juda past haroratlarda, odatda -40 ° F (-40 ° C) atrofida va kichik miqyosdagi baxtsiz hodisalarga qaramay, erishilgan masofani qayd etgan sledgemeterning yo'qolishiga qaramay erishildi.[65] Biroq, sirtlar notekis bo'lib, chang'i sportini qiyinlashtirganda, ularning tezligi sekinlashdi. 29 mart kuni 85 ° 56′N sekundant o'qish shuni ko'rsatdiki, bir haftalik sayohat ularni qutbga 47 dengiz milini (87 km; 54 mil) yaqinlashtirdi, ammo ularning o'rtacha kunlik masofalari pasayayotganligini ham ko'rsatdi. Yana xavotirga soladigan narsa, a teodolit o'sha kuni o'qish ularning atigi 85 ° 15′N darajasida bo'lishini taxmin qildi va o'qishlarning qaysi biri to'g'ri ekanligini bilish uchun hech qanday vositasi yo'q edi.[66] Ular janubdagi siljish bilan kurashayotganliklarini angladilar va bosib o'tilgan masofalar, albatta, shimoliy taraqqiyotga teng kelmaydi.[67] Yoxansenning kundaligida uning ojiz ruhi aks etgan: "Mening barmoqlarim yo'q bo'lib ketdi. Barcha qo'lqoplar qotib qolishdi ... Borgan sari yomonlashib bormoqda ... Xudo bizga nima bo'lishini biladi".[68]

Chap tomonida chanalari va itlari bo'lgan odam, o'ng tomonida esa boshqa odamning o'tirgan qiyofasi bilan kichik uchburchak chodirning o'rtasini chizish. Ushbu tasvirlar baland muzning baland qirg'og'i oldida.
Rassomning 1895 yil 7 aprelda Nansen va Yoxansenning eng shimoliy lageridagi taassurotlari, 86 ° 13.6′N

3-aprel kuni, bir necha kunlik qiyin sayohatlardan so'ng, Nansen xususiy ravishda, qutb, ehtimol, etib bo'lmaydigan joyda bo'lishi mumkinmi deb hayron bo'la boshladi. Agar sirt yaxshilanmasa, ularning ovqatlari ularni ustunga, keyin Frants-Yozef Lendga etib bormaydi.[67] Ertasi kuni ular o'zlarining holatlarini umidsiz 86 ° 3 'da hisoblashdi; Nansen o'zining kundaligida: "Men vaqt o'tishi bilan burilishimiz kerakligiga tobora ko'proq ishonch hosil qildim", deb ishongan.[69] 7 aprelda lagerga kelganidan so'ng Nansen old tomonga qarab poyafzal poyabzalida sayohat qildi, ammo faqatgina "ufqqa qadar cho'zilgan muz bloklarining xaosini" ko'rdi. U shimolga bormaslikka qaror qildi va yo'lga tushdi Fligeli burni Frants Josef Land-da. Nansen o'zlarining so'nggi shimoliy lagerlarining kengligini 86 ° 13.6′N, Greelining oldingi Shimoliy belgisidan deyarli uch daraja (169.6 dengiz millari yoki 314 km) sifatida qayd etdi.[70]

Frants-Jozef Landga chekinish

Yo'lning janubi-g'arbiy tomonga o'zgarishi sayohat sharoitlarini ancha yaxshilab berdi, ehtimol Frants-Yozef Lendagi yo'nalish ularga nisbatan perpendikulyar o'rniga muzning buzilish chizig'iga keng parallel bo'lganligi sababli.[71] Progress tez edi: "Agar shunday davom etsa, - deb yozdi Nansen 13 aprelda, - orqaga qaytish men o'ylagandan ham tezroq bo'ladi."[72] Biroq, o'sha kunlik yozuvida o'sha kuni baxtsiz hodisa qayd etilgan: ikkala erkakning soatlari to'xtab qolgan. Nansenning jurnaldagi sharhi yumshoq bo'lsa-da, voqea halokatli bo'lishi mumkin.[73][74] To'g'ri vaqtsiz ular o'z uzunliklarini hisoblab chiqa olmadilar va shu tariqa Frants Iosif Landga to'g'ri yo'nalishni saqlab qolishdi. Ular Nansenning uzunliklari 86 ° E bo'lganligi haqidagi taxminlariga asoslanib soatlarni qayta ishga tushirishdi, lekin bu juftlik endi qaerdaligiga ishonchlari komil emas edi. Agar ular Nansen taxminidan uzoqroq g'arbda bo'lsa, ular Frants Yozef Landni umuman sog'inib, ochiq Atlantika okeaniga yo'l olishlari mumkin edi.[73]

Dreyfning yo'nalishi shimoliy bo'lib, juftlikning rivojlanishiga to'sqinlik qildi. 18 aprelga qadar, eng shimoliy qismdan 11 kunlik sayohatdan so'ng, ular faqat janubga 40 dengiz milini (74 km; 46 mil) bosib o'tishdi.[75] Ular endi suvning ochiq yo'llari bilan ancha buzilgan erlarni bosib o'tdilar. Taxminan 20 aprel kuni ular tashqi dunyodan beri ko'rgan birinchi narsasi - po'stlog'iga tiqilib qolgan katta diffud daraxtini ko'rish ularni quvontirdi. Fram muzga kirgan edi. Yoxansen o'zining va Nansenning bosh harflarini kenglik va sana bilan o'yib yozgan. Bir-ikki kundan keyin ular an izlarini payqashdi Arktik tulki, ketgandan beri itlaridan boshqa tirik jonzotning birinchi izi Fram. Tez orada boshqa treklar paydo bo'ldi va Nansen er yaqin bo'lishi mumkinligiga ishona boshladi.[76]

Frants-Yozef arxipelagining tarqoq orollari tasvirlangan. O'ng yuqori burchakdan bir chiziq orollarga kirib, janubga qarab burilib, Flora burniga sayohatni anglatadi. Frederik Jekson orolidagi qishki binolar joylashgan joy ko'rsatilgan.
Xaritasi Frants Josef Land orollar orqali Nansen va Yoxansenning yo'lini ko'rsatib, 1895 yil avgustdan 1896 yil iyungacha

84 ° 3 84N 9-mayda hisoblangan kenglik umidsizlikka uchradi - Nansen ular janubdan uzoqroqda joylashgan deb umid qilgan edi.[77] Biroq, may oyi o'tishi bilan ular ayiq izlarini ko'rishni boshladilar va oyning oxiriga kelib muhrlar, chayqalar va kitlar juda ko'p edi. Nansenning hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, ular 31 may kuni 82 ° 21′N darajaga etib, Fligeli burnidan atigi 50 dengiz milini (93 km; 58 mil) Frants-Jozef Landning shimoliy chekkasida, agar uning uzunlik taxminlari aniq bo'lsa.[78] Issiq havoda muzlar buzila boshladi, sayohat qiyinlashdi. 24 apreldan beri itlar boshqalarni boqish uchun vaqti-vaqti bilan o'ldirilgan va iyun oyi boshida asl 28 kishidan atigi ettitasi qolgan. 21 iyun kuni juftlik barcha ortiqcha jihozlar va jihozlarni yashirgan, yorug'lik bilan sayohat qilishni va hozirda ko'plab muhr va qushlarni etkazib berishni rejalashtirgan. Shu tarzda bir kunlik sayohatdan so'ng, ular qayiqda dam olishga qaror qildilar, baydaklarga suv o'tkazmaydigan qilib, safarning keyingi bosqichi uchun o'z kuchlarini yig'dilar. Ular butun bir oy davomida qarorgohda qolishdi.[79]

23 iyulda, lagerdan chiqqandan keyingi kun, Nansen birinchi tortishuvsiz erni ko'rdi. U shunday deb yozgan edi: "Nihoyat, mo''jiza yuz berdi - er, er va biz unga bo'lgan ishonchimizdan deyarli voz kechganimizdan keyin!"[80] Keyingi kunlarda er-xotin bu erga qarab kurash olib borishdi, ular aftidan yaqinlashmay qolishdi, garchi iyul oyining oxirlarida ular bemaqsadning uzoq ovozini eshitishdi.[81] 4 avgustda ular oq ayiq hujumidan omon qolishdi; ikki kundan keyin ular muzning chetiga etib kelishdi va ular bilan er o'rtasida faqat suv yotardi. 6 avgustda ular so'nggi ikkita samoyed itni otib tashlashdi, baydaklarni katamaranga aylantirib chanalar va chang'ilarni urib, suzib yurishdi.[82]

Nansen bu birinchi erni "Hvidtenland" ("Oq orol") deb atagan.[83] Lagerga joylashgandan so'ng muzli oyoq ular qiyalikka ko'tarilib, ularga qarashdi. Ularning arxipelagada ekanliklari aniq edi, ammo ular ko'rgan narsalari Frants-Iosif Landning to'liq bo'lmagan xaritasiga hech qanday aloqasi yo'q edi.[84] Ular aniq belgilab olishlari mumkin bo'lgan geografik xususiyatni topish umidida faqat janubda davom etishlari mumkin edi. 16-avgustda Nansen shartli ravishda Payer xaritalarida Frants-Jozef Landning g'arbiy qirg'og'ida ko'rsatilgan Kape Felder deb nomlangan boshni aniqladi.[85] Nansenning maqsadi endi orollarning janubiy uchida joylashgan Eira Makoni deb nomlangan joyda avvalgi ekspeditsiya qoldirgan kulbaga va materiallarga etib borish edi. Biroq, aksincha shamollar va yumshoq muzlar baydarkada xavfli harakatlarni rivojlantirdi va 28 avgustda Nansen yana qutbli qish yaqinlashganda, ular turgan joylarida qolishlarini va keyingi bahorni kutishlarini qaror qildi.[86]

Flora burniga

Rassom taassurotlari: qorong'u osmonda to'lin oy; kichik kvadratcha ochilgan qor tepaligi kulbani ko'rsatmoqda, tashqarida esa ko'tarilgan chana turibdi. Atrof atrofidagi barcha joylar kimsasiz qor va muz maydonlari.
Nansen va Yoxansen 1895–96 yillarning qishlarini o'tkazgan Frants-Yozef yeridagi kulcha. Nansen surati asosida chizilgan rasm.

Nansen va Yoxansen o'zlarining qishki binolari uchun asos bo'lib, hozirda nomlangan joyda qo'riqlanadigan koyda plyaj topdilar. Jekson oroli, qurilish materiallari uchun mo'l-ko'l toshlar va moxlar bilan. Ular uch metr chuqurlikdagi teshikni qazishdi, bo'shashgan toshlar va toshlar yordamida uning atrofidagi devorlarni ko'tarishdi va tepada mors terisini cho'zishdi. Baca qor va morj suyaklaridan foydalangan holda yasalgan. Ular "Teshik" deb nomlagan bu boshpana nihoyat 28 sentyabrda tayyor bo'ldi va keyingi sakkiz oy davomida ularning uyi bo'lishi kerak edi.[87] Ularning ahvoli noqulay edi, ammo hayot uchun xavfli emas edi; Qo'rqinchli hayvonlarni yig'ish uchun ayiq, morj va muhrning mo'l-ko'l zaxirasi mavjud edi. Bosh dushman zerikish edi; vaqt o'tkazish uchun ular Nubenning suzib yuradigan almanax va navigatsiya jadvallarini blubber chiroqlari yorug'ida o'qib, keyin ularni qayta o'qishga tushishdi.[88]

Rojdestvoda bu juftlik chanalar ratsionidagi shokolad va non bilan nishonladilar. Yangi yil arafasida Yoxansen Nansen nihoyat tanish manzil shaklini qabul qilganligini yozdi va shu vaqtgacha butun safar davomida rasmiyatchilikni saqladi ("Janob Yoxansen", "Professor Nansen").[88][89] Yangi yilda ular ob-havo iliqlashganda sayohatlarini davom ettirishga tayyor bo'lib, tashlab yuborilgan uxlatadigan sumkadan o'zlariga oddiy tashqi kiyimlarni - smok va shim kiyishni boshladilar. 1896 yil 19-mayda bir necha hafta davom etgan tayyorgarlikdan so'ng ular tayyor bo'lishdi. Nansen kulbada yozuv topib, mumkin bo'lgan topuvchini xabardor qildi: "Biz janubiy g'arbga, quruqlik bo'ylab, Shpitsbergenga o'tish uchun boramiz".[90]

Ikki haftadan ko'proq vaqt davomida ular qirg'oq janubiga qarab borishdi. Ular ko'rgan hech narsa ularning Frants-Yozef Land haqidagi ibtidoiy xaritasiga to'g'ri kelmagandek tuyuldi va Nansen ular Frants-Iosif Land va Shpitsbergen o'rtasida xayollarga kelmagan o'lkalarda bo'ladimi-yo'qmi deb taxmin qilishdi. 4-iyun kuni sharoitlarning o'zgarishi ularga qishki binolarni tark etgandan beri birinchi marta baydarka suzishlariga imkon berdi. Bir hafta o'tgach, Nansen hali ham bir-biriga bog'lab qo'yilgan, beparvolik bilan bog'lab qo'yilganidan keyin uzoqlashib ketgan baydaklarni qutqarish uchun muzli suvga sho'ng'ishga majbur bo'ldi. U qo'l san'atiga etib borishga va so'nggi kuch bilan o'zini kemada olib ketishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Uning muzlagan holatiga qaramay, u ikkitasini otib tashladi jinoyatchilar u katamarani orqaga tortarkan.[91]

Ikki kishi qor maydonining o'rtasida qo'l silkitib, yaqinida it o'tirgan. Qorong'u tepaliklar fonda ko'rsatilgan.
Nansen-Jekson uchrashuvi Cape Flora, 1896 yil 17-iyun (dastlabki uchrashuvdan bir necha soat o'tgach olingan fotosurat)

13 iyun kuni morjlar baydaklarga hujum qilib, ularga zarar etkazishdi va bu yana ta'mirlash uchun to'xtab qoldi. 17-iyun kuni ular yana ketishga tayyorgarlik ko'rishayotganida, Nansen itning xirillashini eshitgan deb o'ylardi va tergovga bordi. Keyin u ovozlarni eshitdi va bir necha daqiqadan so'ng odam bilan uchrashdi.[92] Nansen rad etganidan keyin Frants Yozef Lendga o'z ekspeditsiyasini uyushtirgan va shtab-kvartirasini shu erda joylashgan Frederik Jekson edi. Cape Flora kuni Northbrook Island, arxipelagning eng janubiy oroli.[92] Jeksonning o'z akkauntida yozilishicha, uning bu to'satdan uchrashuvga birinchi reaktsiyasi bu kema halokatga uchragan dengizchi, ehtimol ekspeditsiya ta'minot kemasidan bo'lishi mumkin Shamol bu yozni chaqirishi kerak edi. As he approached, Jackson saw "a tall man, wearing a soft felt hat, loosely made, voluminous clothes and long shaggy hair and beard, all reeking with black grease". After a moment's awkward hesitation, Jackson recognised his visitor: "You are Nansen, aren't you?", and received the reply "Yes, I am Nansen."[93]

Johansen was rescued, and the pair taken to the base at Cape Flora, where they posed for photographs (in one instance re-enacting the Jackson–Nansen meeting) before taking baths and haircuts. Both men seemed in good health, despite their ordeal; Nansen had put on 21 pounds (9.5 kg) in weight since the start of the expedition, and Johansen 13 pounds (5.9 kg).[94] In honour of his rescuer, Nansen named the island where he had wintered "Frederick Jackson Island".[95] For the next six weeks Nansen had little to do but await the arrival of Shamol, worrying that he might have to spend the winter at Cape Flora, and sometimes regretting that he and Johansen had not pressed on to Spitsbergen.[96] Johansen noted in his journal that Nansen had changed from the overbearing personality of the Fram days, and was now subdued and polite, adamant that he would never undertake such a journey again.[97] On 26 July Shamol finally arrived; on 7 August, with Nansen and Johansen aboard, she sailed south and on 13 August reached Vardø. A batch of telegrams was sent, informing the world of Nansen's safe return.[98]

Drift (second phase)

Kema o'ng tomonida joylashganligini ko'rsatib turibdi. Uning atrofini muz bilan o'ralgan, ammo kema oldida ochiq suvning tor kanali ko'rinadi. Sahnani muz ustida turgan odam tomosha qiladi.
A lead of water opens in front of Fram, May 1896

Before his departure from Fram, Nansen appointed Sverdrup as leader of the rest of the expedition, with orders to continue with the drift towards the Atlantic Ocean unless circumstances warranted abandoning the ship and marching for land. Nansen left precise instructions about keeping up the scientific work, especially the ocean depth soundings and the tests for the thickness of the ice. He concluded: "May we meet in Norway, whether it be on board of this vessel or without her."[99]

Sverdrup's main task now was to keep his crew busy. He ordered a thorough spring cleaning, and set a party to chip away some of the surrounding ice which was threatening to destabilise the ship. Although there was no immediate danger to Fram, Sverdrup oversaw the repair and overhaul of sledges, and the organisation of provisions should it after all be necessary to abandon ship and march to land. With the arrival of warmer weather as the 1895 summer approached, Sverdrup resumed daily ski practice.[100] Amid these activities a full programme of meteorological, magnetic and oceanographic activities continued under Scott Hansen; Fram had become a moving oceanographic, meteorological and biological laboratory.[5]

As the drift proceeded the ocean became deeper; soundings gave successive depths of 6,000 feet (1,800 m), 9,000 feet (2,700 m) and 2,000 feet (610 m), a progression which indicated that no undiscovered land mass was nearby.[101] On 15 November 1895 Fram reached 85°55′N, only 19 nautical miles (35 km; 22 mi) below Nansen's Farthest North mark.[102] From this point on, the drift was generally to the south and west, although progress was for long periods almost imperceptible. Inactivity and boredom led to increased drinking; Scott Hansen recorded that Christmas and New Year passed "with the usual hot punch and consequent hangover", and wrote that he was "getting more and more disgusted with drunkenness".[103] By mid-March 1896, the position was 84°25′N, 12°50′E, placing the ship north of Spitsbergen. On 13 June a lead opened and, for the first time in nearly three years, Fram became a living ship. It was a further two months, on 13 August 1896, before she found open water and, with a blast from her cannon, left the ice behind.[103] She had emerged from the ice just north and west of Spitsbergen, close to Nansen's original prediction, proving him right and his detractors wrong.[104] Later that same day a ship was sighted—Søstrone, a seal hunter from Tromsø. Sverdrup rowed across for news, and learned that nothing had been heard from Nansen. Fram called briefly at Spitsbergen, where the Swedish explorer-engineer Salomon Andrée was preparing for the balloon flight that he hoped would take him to the pole. After a short time ashore, Sverdrup and his crew began the trip south to Norway.[103]

Reunion and reception

Rasmning o'ng tomoniga bog'langan kichik kema bilan binolar va vayronalar klasteri. Dengiz bo'yidagi binolar aniq aks ettirilgan.
The port of Vardø in northern Norway, where Nansen and Johansen returned to Norwegian soil on 13 August 1896

In the course of the expedition, rumours circulated that Nansen had reached the North Pole, the first as early as April 1894, in the French Newspaper Le Figaro.[105] In September 1895 Eva Nansen was informed that messages signed by Nansen had been discovered, "sent from the North Pole".[105] In February 1896 The New York Times ran a dispatch from Irkutsk, in Siberia, from a supposed Nansen agent, claiming that Nansen had reached the pole and found land there. Charles P. Daly of the Amerika Geografik Jamiyati called this "startling news" and, "if true, the most important discovery that has been made in ages."[106]

Experts were sceptical of all such reports, and Nansen's arrival in Vardø quickly put paid to them. In Vardø, he and Johansen were greeted by Professor Mohn, the originator of the polar drift theory, who was in the town by chance.[107] The pair waited for the weekly mail steamer to take them south, and on 18 August arrived in Hammerfest to an enthusiastic reception. The lack of news about Fram was preying on Nansen's mind; however, on 20 August he received news that Sverdrup had brought the ship to the tiny port of Skjervoy, south of Hammerfest, and was now continuing with her to Tromsø.[108] The next day, Nansen and Johansen sailed into Tromsø and joined their comrades in an emotional reunion.[109]

After days of celebration and recuperation the ship left Tromsø on 26 August. The voyage south was a triumphal procession, with receptions at every port. Fram finally arrived in Christiania on 9 September, escorted into the harbour by a squadron of warships and welcomed by thousands—the largest crowds the city had ever seen, according to Huntford.[110] Nansen and his crew were received by Qirol Oskar; on the way to the reception they passed through a triumphal arch formed by 200 gymnasts. Nansen and his family stayed at the palace as special guests of the king; by contrast, Johansen remained in the background, largely overlooked, and writing that "reality, after all, is not so wonderful as it appeared to me in the midst of our hard life."[109]

Assessment and aftermath

13 kishidan iborat guruh va bitta it kemaning tor kemasida, arqonlar, uchqunlar va qalbakilashtirishlar paytida, hammasi shlyapa kiygan va bitta istisno bilan, qora kostyumlar kiyib olgan.
Expedition members after Fram's return to Christiania in August 1896. Back row, l. to r.: Blessing, Nordhal, Mogstad, Henriksen, Pettersen, Johansen. Seated: Bentzen, Scott Hansen, Sverdrup, Amundsen (with dog), Jacobsen, Nansen, Juell

The traditional approach to Arctic exploration had relied on large-scale forces, with a presumption that European techniques could be successfully transplanted into the hostile polar climate. Over the years this strategy had brought little success, and had led to heavy losses of men and ships.[111] By contrast, Nansen's method of using small, trained crews, and harnessing Inuit va Sami expertise in his methods of travel, had ensured that his expedition was completed without a single casualty or major mishap.[111]

Although it did not achieve the objective of reaching the North Pole, the expedition made major geographical and scientific discoveries. Janob Klements Markxem, president of Britain's Qirollik geografik jamiyati, declared that the expedition had resolved "the whole problem of Arctic geography".[112] It was now established that the North Pole was located not on land, nor on a permanent ice sheet, but on shifting, unpredictable pack ice.[113] The Arctic Ocean was a deep basin, with no significant land masses north of the Eurasian continent—any hidden expanse of land would have blocked the free movement of ice.[f][115] Nansen had proved the polar drift theory; furthermore, he had noted the presence of a Koriolis kuchi driving the ice to the right of the wind direction, due to the effect of the Earth's rotation. This discovery would be developed by Nansen's pupil, Vagn Walfrid Ekman, who later became the leading oceanographer of his time.[115][116] From its programme of scientific observation the expedition provided the first detailed oceanographic information from the area; in due course the scientific data gathered during the Fram voyage would run to six published volumes.[5]

Throughout the expedition Nansen continued to experiment with equipment and techniques, altering the designs of skis and sledges and investigating types of clothing, tents and cooking apparatus, thereby revolutionising methods of Arctic travel.[117][118] In the era of polar exploration which followed his return, explorers routinely sought Nansen's advice as to methods and equipment—although sometimes they chose not to follow it, usually to their cost.[119][120] According to Huntford, the South Pole heroes Amundsen, Skott va Ernest Shaklton were all Nansen's acolytes.[118]

Nansen's status was never seriously challenged, although he did not escape criticism. American explorer Robert Piri wondered why Nansen had not returned to the ship when his polar dash was thwarted after a mere three weeks away. "Was he ashamed to go back after so short an absence, or had there been a row ... or did he go off for Franz Josef Land from sensational motives or business reasons?"[121] Adolphus Greely, who had initially dismissed the entire expedition as infeasible, admitted that he had been proved wrong but nevertheless drew attention to "the single blemish"—Nansen's decision to leave his comrades hundreds of miles from land. "It passes comprehension", Greely wrote, "how Nansen could have thus deviated from the most sacred duty devolving on the commander of a naval expedition."[122] Nansen's reputation nevertheless survived; a hundred years after the expedition the British explorer Uolli Gerbert deb nomlangan Fram voyage "one of the most inspiring examples of courageous intelligence in the history of exploration".[121]

The Fram voyage was Nansen's final expedition. He was appointed to a research professorship at the University of Christiania in 1897, and to a full professorship in oceanography in 1908.[5] He became independently wealthy as a result of the publication of his expedition account;[123] in his later career he served the newly independent kingdom of Norway in different capacities, and was awarded the Tinchlik bo'yicha Nobel mukofoti for 1922, in recognition of his work on behalf of refugees.[5] Hjalmar Johansen never settled back into normal life. After years of drifting, debt and drunkenness he was given the opportunity, through Nansen's influence, to join Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition in 1910. Johansen quarreled violently with Amundsen at the expedition's base camp, and was omitted from the South Pole party. He committed suicide within a year of his return from Antarctica.[124] Otto Sverdrup remained as captain of Fram, and in 1898 took the ship, with a new crew, to the Canadian Arctic for four years' exploration.[125] In later years Sverdrup helped to raise funds that enabled the ship to be restored and housed in a permanent museum.[126] He died in November 1930, seven months after Nansen's death.[127][128]

Nansen's farthest north record lasted for just over five years. On 24 April 1900 a party of three from an Italian expedition led by the Duke of the Abruzzi reached 86°34′N, having left Franz Josef Land with dogs and sledges on 11 March. The party barely made it back; one of their support groups of three men vanished entirely.[129]

Izohlar va ma'lumotnomalar

Izohlar

  1. ^ Nansen's speech ended with a peroration: "May Norwegians show the way! May it be the Norwegian flag that first flies over our Pole![19]
  2. ^ Nansen's original opinion had been that 170 gross register tonnage would be sufficient.[26]
  3. ^ By way of comparison, Scott's ship Kashfiyot, the next ship purpose-built for polar exploration after Fram, had a length-to-beam ratio of more than five to one.[28]
  4. ^ Nansen gave no explanation of this decision, beyond stating that the shorter route was safer and would enable an earlier start to the drift.[36]
  5. ^ Payer's 1874 map of Franz Josef Land was all that was available to Nansen at the start of his journey.[59]
  6. ^ Nansen was prepared to admit the possibility of undiscovered land on the North American side.[114]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ "Popular Science Monthly, Volume 57, August 1900". Olingan 21 dekabr 2012.
  2. ^ Gollandiya, pp. 89–95.
  3. ^ Fleming, pp. 218–229.
  4. ^ a b Nansen, pp. 17–22, Vol. I.
  5. ^ a b v d e The Nobel Foundation 1922.
  6. ^ Huntford, pp. 21–27.
  7. ^ Huntford, p. 49.
  8. ^ Nansen, p. 15, Vol. I.
  9. ^ Nansen, pp. 15–29, Vol. I.
  10. ^ a b Nansen, pp. 30–31, Vol. I.
  11. ^ Nansen, pp. 32–33, Vol. I.
  12. ^ Nyu-York Tayms, "Dr. Nansen's Arctic trip".
  13. ^ Berton, p. 489.
  14. ^ Nyu-York Tayms, "Will Nansen Come Back?".
  15. ^ Nansen, pp. 42–45, Vol. I.
  16. ^ Berton, p. 492.
  17. ^ Nansen, pp. 47–48, Vol. I.
  18. ^ Huntford, 180-182 betlar.
  19. ^ Fleming, p. 239.
  20. ^ a b Fleming, p. 240.
  21. ^ Nansen, pp. 54–57, Vol. I.
  22. ^ Huntford, p. 214.
  23. ^ a b Huntford, 183-184 betlar.
  24. ^ Nansen, pp. 59–60, Vol. I.
  25. ^ Huntford, p. 186.
  26. ^ a b v Nansen, pp. 62–68, Vol. I.
  27. ^ Nansen, p. 69, Vol. I.
  28. ^ Savours, p. 13.
  29. ^ a b Huntford, pp. 192–197.
  30. ^ Archer, quoted in Nansen, p. 60, Vol. I.
  31. ^ Fleming, pp. 237–238.
  32. ^ Fleming, p. 241.
  33. ^ a b Nansen, pp. 78–81, Vol. I.
  34. ^ Huntford, p. 218.
  35. ^ Huntford, 221–222 betlar.
  36. ^ Nansen, p. 31, Vol. I.
  37. ^ a b Fleming, p. 243.
  38. ^ Huntford, pp. 206–207.
  39. ^ Huntford, pp. 222–223.
  40. ^ Nansen, pp. 82–97, Vol. I.
  41. ^ Huntford, pp. 225–233.
  42. ^ Nansen, pp. 142–143, Vol. I.
  43. ^ a b v Huntford, pp. 234–237.
  44. ^ Huntford, 238-239 betlar.
  45. ^ a b Huntford, p. 242.
  46. ^ Huntford, p. 246.
  47. ^ Huntford, p. 245.
  48. ^ Huntford, pp. 247–252.
  49. ^ Fleming, pp. 244.
  50. ^ Nansen, p. 378, Vol. I.
  51. ^ a b Huntford, 257-258 betlar.
  52. ^ Nansen, pp. 248–250, Vol. I.
  53. ^ Huntford, pp. 260–261.
  54. ^ Huntford, p. 262.
  55. ^ Huntford, 268–269 betlar.
  56. ^ Fleming, 246-247 betlar.
  57. ^ Huntford, pp. 275–278.
  58. ^ Huntford, p. 288.
  59. ^ Nansen, p. 518, Vol. II.
  60. ^ Huntford, p. 285.
  61. ^ Nansen, pp. 79–80, Vol. II.
  62. ^ Nansen, pp. 83–85, Vol. II.
  63. ^ Nansen, pp. 88–90, Vol. II.
  64. ^ Huntford, pp. 302–307.
  65. ^ Huntford, pp. 308–313.
  66. ^ Huntford, p. 322.
  67. ^ a b Fleming, p. 248.
  68. ^ Huntford, p. 320.
  69. ^ Nansen, p. 127, Vol. II.
  70. ^ Nansen, p. 142, Vol. II.
  71. ^ Huntford, p. 330.
  72. ^ Nansen, p. 145, Vol. II.
  73. ^ a b Fleming, p. 249.
  74. ^ Huntford, p. 332.
  75. ^ Huntford, 333–334-betlar.
  76. ^ Huntford, pp. 334–336.
  77. ^ Huntford, p. 339.
  78. ^ Huntford, pp. 343–346.
  79. ^ Huntford, pp. 346–351.
  80. ^ Nansen, p. 276, Vol. II.
  81. ^ Huntford, p. 364.
  82. ^ Huntford, pp. 365–368.
  83. ^ Nansen, p. 298, Vol. II.
  84. ^ Huntford, p. 370.
  85. ^ Huntford, p. 373.
  86. ^ Huntford, pp. 375–379.
  87. ^ Huntford, pp. 378–383.
  88. ^ a b Fleming, p. 259.
  89. ^ Huntford, 397-398 betlar.
  90. ^ Huntford, pp. 403–404.
  91. ^ Huntford, pp. 410–412.
  92. ^ a b Fleming, 261–262 betlar.
  93. ^ Jekson, pp. 165–166.
  94. ^ Nansen, p. 468, Vol. II.
  95. ^ Nansen, p. 476, Vol. II.
  96. ^ Nansen, pp. 490–492, Vol. II.
  97. ^ Fleming, p. 263.
  98. ^ Huntford, pp. 433–434.
  99. ^ Nansen, pp. 73–78, Vol. II.
  100. ^ Huntford, pp. 315–319.
  101. ^ Fleming, p. 245.
  102. ^ Fleming, p. 252.
  103. ^ a b v Huntford, pp. 423–428.
  104. ^ Berton, p. 498.
  105. ^ a b Huntford, p. 393.
  106. ^ Nyu-York Tayms, "Nansen's North Pole Search".
  107. ^ Nansen, pp. 506–507, Vol. II.
  108. ^ Huntford, pp. 435–436.
  109. ^ a b Fleming, 264-265 betlar.
  110. ^ Huntford, p. 438.
  111. ^ a b Aber.
  112. ^ Jons, p. 63.
  113. ^ Nansen, pp. 631–637, Vol. II.
  114. ^ Nansen, p. 633, Vol. II.
  115. ^ a b Krishfield.
  116. ^ V. Walfrid Ekman.
  117. ^ Nansen, pp. 12–13, Vol. II.
  118. ^ a b Huntford, pp. 1–2.
  119. ^ Riffenburgh, p. 120.
  120. ^ Preston, p. 216.
  121. ^ a b Gerbert, p. 13.
  122. ^ Nansen, pp. 52–53, Vol. I.
  123. ^ Huntford, p. 442.
  124. ^ Huntford, pp. 560 and 571.
  125. ^ Feyrli, 12-16 betlar.
  126. ^ Feyrli, pp. 293–295.
  127. ^ Feyrli, p. 296.
  128. ^ Huntford, p. 666.
  129. ^ Fleming, pp. 316–332.

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