Ning so'nggi safari Karluk - Last voyage of the Karluk - Wikipedia

Ikki ustunli yelkanli-bug 'kemasi, vimpel topmastdan uchib ketmoqda, suzib yurib, muzlagan dengizda harakatsiz yotibdi
Karluk muzga tushib qoldi, 1913 yil avgust

The so'nggi safar Karluk, flagmani Kanada Arktika ekspeditsiyasi 1913–16 yillarda kemaning yo'qolishi bilan tugadi Arktika dengizlar va undan keyingi 25 kishining yarim o'limining o'limi. 1913 yil avgustda, Karluk, a brigantin ilgari a sifatida ishlatilgan kitchi, uchrashuv joyiga suzib ketayotganda muzga tushib qoldi Xersel oroli. Uzoq suzib o'tgandan so'ng Bofort va Chukchi dengizlar, 1914 yil yanvar oyida kema ezilgan va cho'kib ketgan. Keyingi oylarda ekipaj va ekspeditsiya xodimlari avval muzda, keyinroq qirg'oqlarda omon qolish uchun kurashdilar. Vrangel oroli. Umuman olganda, o'n bir kishi qutqarilishdan oldin vafot etdi. Kanadalik Arktika ekspeditsiyasi kanadalik antropolog rahbarligida tashkil etilgan Vilxjalmur Stefansson va ham ilmiy, ham geografik maqsadlarga ega edi. Ko'p o'tmay Karluk tuzoqqa tushib qoldi, Stefansson va kichik bir partiya ov qilishni niyat qilganliklarini aytib kemadan chiqib ketishdi karibu. Biroq, muz tashiydi Karluk kemaga qaytishni iloji yo'q deb topgan ovchilar safidan g'arbga qarab. Stefansson quruqlikka etib bordi va keyin ekspeditsiyaning ilmiy maqsadlariga bag'ishlandi, ekipaj va xodimlarni kemada uning kapitani boshchiligida qoldirdi, Robert Bartlett. Cho'kgandan so'ng, Bartlett muz bo'ylab piyoda yurish uyushtirdi Vrangel oroli, 130 mil uzoqlikda (80 km).[n 1] Shartlar qiyin va xavfli edi; orolga etib borishdan oldin to'rt kishilik ikkita partiya yo'qoldi.

Oroldan Bartlett va boshq Inuk hamrohi muzlagan dengiz bo'ylab yo'lga chiqdi Sibir yordam so'rab, qirg'oq. Mahalliy aholi yordami bilan juftlik oxir-oqibat Alyaskaga etib bordi, ammo dengizdagi muzli sharoitlar tezda qutqaruv vazifasini bajarishga xalaqit berdi. Vrangel orolida, tiqilib qolgan partiya ov ovi bilan omon qoldi, ammo oziq-ovqat etishmayotgani va ichki kelishmovchilik tufayli qiynalgan. 1914 yil sentyabr oyida ularni qutqarishdan oldin, partiyaning yana uch nafari vafot etdi, ikkitasi kasal bo'lib, bittasi zo'ravonlik sharoitida; 14 kishi qutqarildi.

Tarixchilar Stefanssonning kemani tark etish to'g'risidagi qarori to'g'risida ikkiga bo'lingan. Sayohatdan omon qolganlarning ba'zilari, u o'zlarining sinovlariga beparvo qarashlari va o'rtoqlarini yo'qotishlariga tanqidiy munosabatda bo'lishdi. U rasmiy tazyiqlardan qutulib, Kanada hukumati uning umumiy boshqaruviga oid eslatmalariga qaramay, ekspeditsiyadagi keyingi ishi uchun omma oldida hurmatga sazovor bo'ldi. Bartlettni admirallik komissiyasi olgani uchun tanqid qilgan bo'lsa-da Karluk muzga tushib, uni jamoat va uning avvalgi odamlari qahramon sifatida tan olishdi Karluk kemadoshlar.

Kanada Arktika ekspeditsiyasi

Fon

Boshi va elkasi fotosurati 30-35 yoshlardagi, qora sochlari va katta qirralari bilan chap tomonga burilgan, lekin qaragan kameraga ega bo'lgan Stefansson. Uning ifodasi jiddiy.
Vilxjalmur Stefansson, Kanada Arktika ekspeditsiyasi rahbari

Kanadaning Arktika ekspeditsiyasi tomonidan yaratilgan Vilxjalmur Stefansson AQShda joylashgan, Kanadada tug'ilgan Islandiyalik antropolog, 1906 yildan 1912 yilgacha ko'p vaqtni uzoq Arktika Kanadadagi Inuit hayotini o'rganishga sarflagan. Uning dala ishlari natijasida odamlar hayoti va madaniyati to'g'risida birinchi batafsil ma'lumotlar paydo bo'ldi Mis Inuit, "deb nomlangansariq eskimoslar ".[1] Stefansson Arktikani o'rganishni davom ettirish uchun yana bir ekspeditsiyani rejalashtirgan holda uyiga qaytib keldi va 45 ming AQSh dollarini (2010 yilda 750 ming AQSh dollar atrofida) moliyaviy yordam va'da qildi.[n 2] dan Milliy Geografiya Jamiyati (NGS) in Vashington va Amerika tabiiy tarixi muzeyi yilda Nyu York. Biroq, u geografik kashfiyotlarni o'z ichiga olgan rejalarini kengaytirmoqchi edi Bofort dengizi, keyin dunyo xaritalarida bo'sh joy.[3] Ushbu kengaytirilgan maqsadlar uchun unga ko'proq pul kerak edi va yordam so'rab Kanada hukumatiga murojaat qildi.[4]

"Yuqori Arktika" nomi bilan tanilgan hudud nafaqat Kanadadan, balki Norvegiya va AQShdan ham suverenitetga da'vo qilgan. Kanada hukumati Amerika tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan ekspeditsiya Qo'shma Shtatlarga Bofort dengizida topilgan har qanday yangi erga qonuniy da'vo berishidan xavotirda edi, shuning uchun Kanada bosh vaziri Robert Borden Stefansson bilan uchrashdi Ottava 1913 yil fevral oyida u butun ekspeditsiya uchun moliyaviy javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga olishni taklif qildi.[3] Borden hukumati ekspeditsiyaning kuchayishiga umid qilar edi Kanadaning da'vosi ustidan suverenitetga Arktika orollari.[5] Amerikalik homiylar, agar Stefansson 1913 yil iyunigacha ketolmasa, Jamiyat ekspeditsiyaga bo'lgan huquqini qaytarib olishi mumkin bo'lgan NGS sharti bilan chiqib ketishga rozi bo'ldi. Bu tor muddatni yaratdi va shimolga sayohat qilishga shoshildi,[4] Stefansson o'zining 1921 yilgi bayonotida "har qanday hodisani oldindan o'ylab ko'rgandek tuyulgan" deb ta'kidlagan.[6]

Maqsadlar va strategiya

Kanada hukumatining moliyaviy ishtiroki ekspeditsiyaning etnologik va ilmiy tadqiqotlarning asl maqsadiga emas, balki geografik kashfiyotga yo'naltirilganligini ko'rsatdi.[7] Kanadalikka yozgan xatida Victoria Daily Times, Stefansson ushbu alohida maqsadlarni belgilab qo'ydi. Asosiy maqsad "xaritamizdagi oq yamalar bilan ifodalangan millionga yaqin kvadrat milya maydonini o'rganish edi. Alyaska Va Shimoliy qutb ". Ekspeditsiya bundan buyon ham Arktikani har tomonlama sinab ko'rishni ilmiy jihatdan o'rganishni maqsad qilgan.[8] Shimoliy partiya yangi erlarni qidirayotganda, asosan, zoologlar rahbarligidagi quruqlikdagi Janubiy partiya Rudolph Anderson shimoliy Kanada qirg'og'idagi orollarda tadqiqot va antropologik tadqiqotlar olib boradi.[9]

Shimoliy partiyaning kemasi, Karluk, Kanada qirg'og'idan shimolga yo quruqlikni topguncha yoki muz bilan to'xtaguncha davom etardi. U duch kelgan har qanday erni o'rganar edi; aks holda u muz qirg'og'ini sharq tomon kuzatib, har ikkalasiga ham qishga harakat qilar edi Banklar oroli yoki Shahzoda Patrik oroli. Agar kema muz ichida qolib, suzishga majbur bo'lsa, partiya Arktika oqimlari yo'nalishini o'rganib, okeanografik tadqiqotlar olib borar edi. Shu bilan birga, Rudolph Andersonning partiyasi "sarg'ish Eskimo" ning antropologik tadqiqotlarini davom ettirishi, Arktika florasi va hayvonot dunyosining navlarini to'plashi, geologik tadqiqotlar olib borishi va yangi savdo yo'llarini yaratish umidida ochiq suv kanallarini qidirishi kutilgan edi. .[9]

Tashkilot va xodimlar

Bartlettning boshi va elkasi fotosurati yarim chapga qaragan. Taxminan 35 yoshda, u rasmiy harbiy kiyimga ega va juda chiroyli kiyingan.
Buyruq bergan kapitan Robert Bartlett Karlukniki oxirgi safar

Stefanssonning rejasi ekspeditsiyani Kanadaning Arktika sohilidagi Hersel orolidagi eski kit ovlash stantsiyasiga olib borish edi, u erda Shimoliy va Janubiy tomonlarning yakuniy tarkibi hal qilinadi va uskunalar va materiallar korxonaning turli yo'nalishlari orasida taqsimlanadi.[4] NGS muddatini kutib olishga shoshilish ekspeditsiya a'zolarini oziq-ovqat, kiyim-kechak va jihozlar bilan ta'minlashning etarliligi haqida xavotirga sabab bo'ldi.[10] Yugurishdan oldin darhol notinch haftalarda bo'lmagan va jamoasiga ozgina rejalarini ochib bergan Stefansson bunday xavotirlarni "impertinent va noloyiq" deb rad etdi. Stefansson va olimlar o'rtasida qo'mondonlik zanjiri bo'yicha tortishuvlar bo'lgan; The Kanada geologik xizmati ekspeditsiyaga to'rtta olimni taqdim etgan bu odamlar Stefanssonga emas, balki ularga hisobot berishlarini xohlashdi. Janubiy partiyaning etakchisi Rudolf Anderson Stefanssonning barcha xususiy ekspeditsiya jurnallarini nashr qilish huquqiga bo'lgan da'vosi tufayli iste'foga chiqishga tahdid qildi.[11][12]

16 kishidan iborat guruh, turgan yoki o'tirgan, kemaning pastki qismida, chap fonda ko'rinadigan kichik qutqaruv kemasi. Guruhning pozasi bejirim, erkaklar esa har xil kiyinishgan, aksariyati har xil turdagi shlyapalar kiygan kostyumlarda.
Stefansson va Bartlett bilan ekspeditsiyaning ilmiy xodimlari. Mallox, Beuchat, McKinlay, Mamen, Mackay va Murray qolgan Karluk; boshqalar Janubiy partiyani tuzdilar.

O'z sohalarida eng taniqli insonlardan tashkil topgan ilmiy guruh tarkibiga AQSh, Daniya, Norvegiya va Frantsiya hamda Buyuk Britaniya va uning imperiyasi vakillari kirdi.[13] Biroq, faqat ikkitasida oldingi qutb tajribasi bo'lgan: Alistair Forbes Makkay, ekspeditsiyaning tibbiy xodimi Sir bilan Antarktidaga tashrif buyurgan Ernest Shaklton "s Nimrod ekspeditsiya 1907-09 yillarda va uch kishining partiyalaridan biri bo'lgan Janubiy magnit qutb.[14] Boshqa Nimrod faxriysi, 46 yoshda Jeyms Myurrey, Stefanssonning okeanografi edi. Yosh olimlar qatorida 24 yoshli fan o'qituvchisi Uilyam Laird MakKinlay (1889-1983) bor edi. Glazgo kim Shotlandiya tadqiqotchisi tomonidan tavsiya etilgan Uilyam Bryus, va 20 yoshli chang'i chempioni Bjarne Mamen (1893-1914) Xristianiya, Norvegiya, ilmiy tajribasi yo'qligiga qaramay, o'rmonchi sifatida qabul qilingan.[4]

Stefansson amerikalik kit ov qiluvchilarni xohlagan edi Xristian Teodor Pedersen kapitanga Karluk, Shimoliy tomon uchun mo'ljallangan kema. Pedersen ortga qaytgach, 36 yoshli futbolchiga sardorlik taklif qilindi Nyufaundlend - tug'ilgan Robert Bartlett, buyruq bergan tajribali qutbli navigator Robert Piri kemasi, SSRuzvelt, Pearining 1906 va 1909 qutbli ekspeditsiyalarida.[15][16] Bartlett tanlashga ulgurmadi Karlukniki atrofdan shoshilib yig'ilgan ekipaj Qirollik harbiy dengiz floti da Esquimalt yilda Britaniya Kolumbiyasi.[17] Keyinchalik MakKinlay ekipaj haqida "biri tasdiqlangan giyohvand edi ... boshqasi jinsiy kasallikka chalingan; va hech qanday spirtli ichimliklar olib o'tilmasligi kerak bo'lgan buyruqlarga qaramay, bortda kamida ikkita kontrabanda materiallari bor" deb yozgan.[13] McKinlay bu ekipajda oldinda bo'lgan mashaqqatli oylarda zarur bo'lgan fazilatlar va xarakterga ega bo'lmasligi mumkinligidan xavotirda edi, Bartlett o'rtoqlashdi, chunki Esquimaltga etib borgan birinchi harakati birinchi ofitserni ishiga layoqatsizligi uchun ishdan bo'shatish edi. Uning o'rniga u 22 yoshli Aleksandr "Sendi" Andersonni tayinladi.[17]

Kemalar

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: HMCS Karluk
Portda qora tanli ikki ustunli bug 'va yelkanli kema paydo bo'ldi, pastda tepaliklar bor
Karluk uning davrida kit ov qiladigan idish sifatida

Karluk Pedersen tomonidan tanlangan va Stefansson tomonidan 10 000 AQSh dollarlik narxga sotib olingan.[8][n 3] Stefanssonga Pedersen to'rtta kemadan foydalanish to'g'risida, Karluk "bizning maqsadimiz uchun eng sog'lom va eng moslashtirilgan" edi,[25] Ammo Bartlett uzoq vaqt davomida Arktikada xizmat qilishga yaroqliligi to'g'risida chuqur mulohazalar bildirdi. Kema, 29 yoshda brigantin, uzunligi 23 metr (7,0 m) bo'lgan nurning uzunligi 129 fut (39 m) bo'lgan. U uchun qurilgan edi Aleut baliq ovlash sanoati (karluk bo'ladi Aleut "baliq" so'zi)) va keyinroq uning kamonlari va yonlari 2 dyuym (51 mm) bilan o'ralgan paytda kit ovlashga aylantirildi. Avstraliya temir daraxti. Oltita qishlashni o'z ichiga olgan 14 arktik kit oviga qaramay[26] u barqaror muz bosimiga dosh berolmagan va muzdan o'tishga majbur qiladigan dvigatel kuchiga ega emas edi.[18] U Bartlett yoki undan ko'p tajribali ekipajning umidlariga mos kelmadi.[8]

Kema 1913 yil aprel va may oylarining ko'p qismini Esquimaltdagi bort hovlisida ta'mirlash va qayta tiklash ishlarini o'tkazdi. Bartlett iyun oyining boshlarida kelganida, darhol ta'mirlash ishlarini olib borishni buyurdi.[8] Ga qo'shimcha sifatida Karluk, Stefansson benzinda yuradigan kichik ko'riladigan joyni sotib oldi skuner, Alyaska, Janubiy partiyaning ta'minot kemasi sifatida harakat qilish. Keyinchalik u ikkinchi shoxerni qo'shdi, Meri Saks, ushlab turish joyi bo'lganda Alyaska etarli emasligini isbotladi.[27] Ekspeditsiyaning ketishi bilan bog'liq chalkashliklarda, deydi MakKinlay, erkaklar yoki jihozlarni o'z kemalariga moslashtirishga harakat qilinmagan. Shunday qilib antropologlar Anri Beuchat va Diamond Jenness, ikkalasi ham Janubiy partiyaga tayinlangan, o'zlarini suzib ketishdi Karluk, ularning jihozlari bortda bo'lganida Alyaska. Makkinlayning o'zi Karluk magnit kuzatuvchi sifatida uning jihozlarining aksariyati bilan ekanligini aniqladi Alyaska. Stefansson, kemalar Hersel orolining uchrashuviga etib borganida hamma narsa tartibga solinishini ta'kidladi. "Agar Herschel oroliga etib borolmasak, osmon hammamizga yordam beradi", deb yozgan Makkinlay.[28]

Herschel oroli tomon

O'n kishi bir nechta bo'sh it chanalari orqasida, ba'zilari esa tokchalarda turibdi. Ularning aksariyati Inuit va an'anaviy yoki g'arbiy ish kiyimlarini kiyishadi: biri Kavkaz va ruhoniy kiyingan.
Ekspeditsiya uchun tayyorlangan it chanalari, Nome, 1913 yil
Oldingi qismda dengiz muzida turgan arqon yoki po'lat simlardan iborat katta g'altak bor. Orqa fonda uch kishi muzning teshigi yonida turibdi. Kema tanasining bir qismi chap fonda ko'rinadi.
A'zolari Karluk'1913 yil avgust, muzda siljish paytida chuqur ovozlarni qabul qiladigan ilmiy xodimlar

Karluk 1913 yil 17 iyunda Esquimaltdan chiqib, shimolga Alyaskaga qarab suzib ketdi. Darhol boradigan joy edi Nom, sohilida Bering dengizi. Boshida rul va dvigatellar bilan bog'liq muammolar paydo bo'ldi, ikkalasi ham tez-tez e'tiborga muhtoj edi. 2 iyul kuni Karluk tuman, tuman va tez pasayayotgan haroratlarda Bering dengiziga etib bordi; olti kundan keyin u Nomga keldi va u qo'shildi Alyaska va Meri Saks.[29] Nomda kemalar yuklanayotganda, ba'zi olimlar rejani aniqlashtirish uchun, xususan, jadvali noaniq bo'lgan Shimoliy partiyaga nisbatan rahbar bilan uchrashishga majbur bo'lishdi. Uchrashuv qoniqarsiz bo'lib o'tdi. Stefanssonning munosabati bir necha odamni xafa qildi, ba'zilari ekspeditsiyani tark etish bilan tahdid qilishdi. Ular Stefansson, ehtimol u kutganligini aytgan matbuotdagi xabarlarni o'qishdi Karluk ezilishi kerak va xodimlarning hayoti ilmiy ishda ikkinchi darajali edi. Stefansson bu masalalarni tushuntirib bermaydi va Shimoliy partiyaga oid rejalari haqida batafsil ma'lumot bermaydi. Olimlarning xavotiri va noroziligiga qaramay, hech kim iste'foga chiqmadi.[11][30]

Da Port Klarens, Nomning shimolida, ilgari bortga 28 itni olib ketishgan Karluk 27 iyulda shimolga suzib ketdi.[28] Ertasi kuni u yo'lni kesib o'tdi Arktika doirasi,[29] va deyarli darhol qo'pol ob-havoga duch keldi, natijada kabinalar suv ostida qoldi va dengiz kasalligi paydo bo'ldi. Biroq, MakKinlay "u qandaydir nuqsonlarga ega bo'lsa, Karluk o'zini yaxshi dengiz kemasi deb ko'rsatdi ".[31] 31 iyulda ular etib kelishdi Nuqta umid, bu erda "Inri" va "Jerri" va "Jimmi" deb nomlanuvchi ikkita ovchi qo'shilgan.[31] 1 avgustda doimiy Arktika muz to'plami ko'rildi; Bartlett muzni buzishga bir necha bor urinib ko'rdi, ammo har safar orqaga qaytishga majbur bo'ldilar.[32] 2 avgust kuni, taxminan 25 mil (40 km) dan Barrow, Karluk muzga tushdi, lekin tez orada tuzoqqa tushdi va uch kun davomida asta-sekin sharq tomon siljib, Smit burnidan ochiq suvga yetib bordi. Ayni paytda, Stefansson muz ustida Peynt Barrouga sayohat qilish uchun ketgan edi. U 6-avgust kuni Smit burnida kemaga qo'shildi va o'zi bilan birga sharqdan o'tishni talab qilgan faxriy trapper Jek Hadleyni olib keldi. Stefansson bilan uzoq vaqt tanish bo'lgan Xedli kema kitoblariga duradgor sifatida kiritilgan.[33][34]

Smit burnida yana ikkita Inuit ovchisi Keraluk va Kataktovik, Keralukning oilasi - xotini Keruk va ularning ikki yosh qizlari Xelen va Mugpi bilan birga ekspeditsiyaga qo'shilishdi.[35] Safar davom etar ekan, Bartlett bu hududdagi muzning miqdori to'g'risida tobora ko'proq xavotirga tushdi va kema kamonidagi jez ustuni allaqachon buzilganligini ta'kidladi.[36] Keyingi bir necha kun ichida Karluk Bartlett kemani qirg'oqdan shimolga olib borganida, ochiq suv kanallarini kuzatib borganida, muvaffaqiyatga erishish uchun kurashdi. Ushbu davrda amalga oshiriladigan mohiyatning yagona ilmiy vazifalari - Murray chuqurlashtirish operatsiyalar, u orqali u Arktikadagi dengiz hayotining ko'plab turlarini va muntazam ravishda to'plangan chuqurlikdagi tovushlar.[37] 13 avgustda Bartlett o'z pozitsiyasini Point Barrow-dan sharqqa 235 mil (378 km) masofada, Xersel oroliga borish uchun shunga o'xshash masofani hisoblab chiqdi.[38] Bu kemaning sharqdagi eng uzoq nuqtasi ekanligi isbotlandi, chunki u shu holatda u muzga mahkam tushib, asta-sekin g'arbga qarab harakatlana boshladi; 10 sentyabrgacha Karluk deyarli 160 milya orqaga chekinib, Point Barrow tomon yo'l oldi.[39] Ko'p o'tmay, Stefansson Bartlettga o'sha yili keyingi taraqqiyotga bo'lgan barcha umidlar tugaganligini va shu bilan yakunlanganligini ma'lum qildi Karluk muzda qishlash kerak edi.[40]

Muzda

G'arb tomon siljish

Old pog'onada oq kiyingan raqam kamera tomon siljiydi. Uning orqasida bir guruh erkaklar va itlar yuklangan chananing atrofida turishadi. O'ng tomonda kemaning yuqori qismlari ko'rinib turibdi, yon tomonlarida qalin qor to'plangan.
Stefansson (uning oldida) va uning partiyasi Karluk, 1913 yil 20 sentyabr

19 sentyabr kuni, bilan Karluk muz bilan chegaralangan va asosan harakatsiz bo'lgan Stefansson yangi go'shtning etishmasligi va muzda uzoq vaqt qolish ehtimolini hisobga olgan holda, u karibu va boshqa o'yinlarni qidiradigan kichik ovchilar guruhini boshqarishini e'lon qildi. Kolvil daryosi. U o'zi bilan ikkita Inuit "Jimmi" va "Jerri" ni olib ketar edi, ekspeditsiya kotibi Burt Makkonnell, fotograf Jorj Uilkins va antropolog Diamond Jenness.[41] Stefansson taxminan o'n kunga ketishini kutgan; Bartlettga maktub orqali, agar kema hozirgi holatidan siljishi kerak bo'lsa, u "kema qaerda ekanligi to'g'risida ma'lumot beruvchi bir yoki bir nechta mayoqlarni o'rnatish uchun qirg'oqqa jo'natishi kerak" degan ko'rsatma berilgan.[42] Ertasi kuni olti kishi jo'nab ketishdi. 23 sentyabr kuni, qor bo'ronidan so'ng, muz parchasi unda Karluk tuzoqqa tusha boshladi va tez orada kema kuniga 48 km dan 97 km gacha yurdi - lekin g'arbda, Xersel orolidan va Stefansson partiyasidan ancha uzoqroqda, tez orada aniq bo'ldiki, yo'q edi kemaga qaytib boradigan yo'llarini topa olish.[43][44]

McKinlay nashr etilmagan jurnalida va keyinchalik yozishmalarida Stefanssonning ketishi kemani o'z taqdiri bilan tark etishni anglatadi. Ekspeditsiya tarixchisi S.E. Jenness (Diamond Jennessning o'g'li) Stefansson va ov partiyasi a'zolari kemada qimmatbaho mol-mulk qoldirganiga ishora qilib, bu fikrni rad etadi. Karluk; Sayohat uchun mumkin bo'lgan sabab, Jenness, yosh xodimlarni o'qitish edi.[45] Antropolog Gisli Palsson, ekspeditsiyani yozishicha, Bartlett va ekipajning g'azabi tushunarli bo'lsa-da, Stefansson odamlarni ataylab tark etganligi haqida hech qanday dalil yo'q. Palssonning ta'kidlashicha, Stefansson yangi go'sht etkazib berishga urinishda mas'uliyat bilan harakat qilgan, bu esa ehtimolga qarshi. shilliqqurt, kerak Karluk uzoq vaqt davomida muz ichida qolib ketmoq.[46] Tarixchi Richard Diubaldo "Dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, bu odatdagi ov safari edi" va "... u [Stefansson] hech qachon [kemani] tark etmasligini orzu qilgani haqida kuchli dalillar mavjud".[47]

Shimoliy Muz okeanining Bofort va Chukchi dengizlarini ko'rsatadigan qismi, Sibir, Alaska va Kanada qirg'oqlarining qismlari. Herschel, Wrangel va Herald orollari joylashgan joylar ko'rsatilgan. Aniq chiziqlar (a) Karlukning shimoliy Alaskan qirg'og'i atrofida sharqqa qarab sayohat qilishini ko'rsatadi; b) Karlukning g'arbga qarab Sibir tomon siljishi; v) ekipajning Vrangel va Herald orollariga yurishlari; (d) Bartlettning Alyaskaga qutqarish safari.
  Karlukniki tomonga sayohat Xersel oroli
  Karlukniki muz qatlamida suzib yurish
  Ekipajning muz yurishlari
  Bartlettni qutqarish safari

Doimiy qor va qalin tumanlar Bartlettga hisoblashni qiyinlashtirdi Karlukniki 30-sentabrda ob-havo qisqa tanaffus paytida ular avgust oyining boshlarida bo'lganlar, Point Barrow yaqinidagi Kuper oroli bo'lgan erni ko'rib chiqishdi.[48] 3 oktyabrda ekipaj va xodimlarning xavotiri kuchayib, Point Barrow bilan atigi 8 km uzoqlikda,[43] drift shimolga, quruqlikdan uzoqlashdi.[49] Ba'zilar orasida qo'rquv bor edi Karluk ning tajribasini takrorlaydi Janet, bundan 30 yil oldin Arktika muzida cho'kishdan oldin bir necha oy davomida suzib yurgan Amerika kemasi, keyinchalik uning ekipajining ko'p qismi halok bo'lgan.[50] Bartlett Shakltonning ikki faxriysi bo'lgan Merrey va MakKeydan xabardor bo'ldi Nimrod ekspeditsiya, sardorlarining etakchiligiga ochiqchasiga nafrat bilan qarashdi. Ular tegishli vaqtda kemani tark etib, o'zlari quruqlikka borishni rejalashtirishgan.[51]

Ob-havoning yomonlashishi bilan Bartlett kemani yengil qilish uchun ham, ehtiyotkorlik bilan kemani tashlab yuborish uchun ham zarur bo'lgan buyumlarni va jihozlarni muzga o'tkazishni buyurdi.[52][53] Oziq-ovqat zaxiralari muhrni ovlash bilan ko'paytirildi - kuniga ikki-uchta muhr o'rtacha sumka edi, McKinlay-ga ko'ra - va noyabr oyi o'rtalarida kema yaqinida aylanib yurgan bitta oq ayiq.[54] 15-noyabr kuni Karluk uning siljishining eng shimoliy nuqtasi bo'lgan 73 ° N ga yetdi va keyin janubi-g'arbiy tomon, Sibir qirg'og'ining umumiy yo'nalishi bo'yicha harakatlana boshladi.[55] Dekabr oyining o'rtalariga kelib, taxmin qilingan pozitsiya 230 milya (230 km) masofani tashkil etdi Vrangel oroli. Ko'ngilsiz ko'rinishga qaramay - Bartlett bunga xususiy ravishda ishongan Karluk qishdan omon qololmasdi -[56] bezaklar, sovg'alar, muzda sport dasturi va ziyofat bilan Rojdestvo bayramini nishonlashga qat'iy harakat qilindi.[57] O'sha paytgacha ular shimoldan atigi 80 km uzoqlikda edilar Herald oroli, Vrangel orolining sharqidagi toshli forpost; 29 dekabrda er uzoqdan ko'rinib turardi, garchi bu Herald orolimi yoki Vranjel oroli ekanligi aniq emas edi.[58] Erni ko'rish qisqa vaqt ichida ruhiy holatni ko'tardi, ammo Yangi yilda muzlar buzila boshladi va shakllana boshladi bosim tizmalari. Keyingi bir necha kun ichida, - deb yozdi McKinlay, "jingalak, baraban, alamli muz tovushlari tobora kuchayib bordi".[59]

Cho'kish

1914 yil 10-yanvar kuni erta tongda, McKinlay, "qattiq titroq butun kemani larzaga keltirdi", deb yozadi muz korpusga hujum qildi. Bartlett hali ham kemasini qutqarishga umid qilib, kemada to'plangan barcha qorlarni olib tashlash orqali uni engillashtirish uchun buyruq berdi.[59] Shuningdek, u barcha qo'llarga issiq kiyim tayyor bo'lishini buyurdi. Kechki soat 6.45 da kuchli portlash korpus teshilganligini ko'rsatdi; Bartlett zudlik bilan dvigatel xonasiga borib, 10 metr (3,0 m) uzunlikdagi suvdan suv oqayotganini kuzatdi. Nasoslarning suv oqimi bilan shug'ullanish ehtimoli yo'q edi va kapitan kemani tashlab qo'yish buyrug'ini berdi.[59][60] Ob-havo sharoiti, deydi McKinlay, bundan ham yomonroq bo'lishi mumkin edi, ammo ekipaj va xodimlar tun bo'yi qorong'ulikda va qor haydashda ishladilar, muzda saqlanib qolgan ratsion va jihozlarning miqdoriga qo'shilishdi. Bartlett so'nggi lahzalarga qadar kemada bo'lib, kemada baland musiqa chalib turardi Victrola. 15:15 da. 11-yanvar kuni Bartlett kiyib oldi Shopenning dafn marosimi kemaga so'nggi salom sifatida va yo'lga chiqdi. Karluk bir necha daqiqada cho'kdi, u hovlilar u muzning tor teshigidan g'oyib bo'lgach, uzilib qoldi.[61] McKinlay yopiq partiyani hisob-kitob qildi: 22 erkak, bitta ayol, ikkita bola, 16 it va mushuk.[24][n 4]

Kema halokati lageri

Buzilgan muz sathida tartibsiz qoziqlar atrofida sochilib yotgan qutilar va jihozlar. Chap tomonda bayroq ustundan uchib chiqadi.
Keyinchalik muz ustida tashkil etilgan kema halokati lageri Karluk'cho'kish

Bartlett do'konlarni muzga saqlash to'g'risida qaror qabul qilib, "Kema halokatiga uchragan lager" deb nomlanuvchi muz lageri o'sha vaqtga kelib ozmi-ko'pmi tashkil etilgan. Karluk cho‘kib ketdi. Ikkita boshpana qurildi, bittasi qor Igloo kanvas tomi bilan, ikkinchisi esa qadoqlash qutilaridan qurilgan.[63] Ikkinchisiga katta pechka bilan qutqarilgan oshxona qo'shildi Karlukniki dvigatel xonasi. Beshta Inuit uchun kichik, alohida boshpana qurilgan va ko'mir qoplari va turli xil idishlardan qo'pol perimetri yaratilgan.[64] MakKinlayning so'zlari bilan aytganda, lager "biz uzoq vaqt davomida boshpana berishimiz mumkin bo'lgan muhim va shinam uylarni" ta'minladi.[63] Do'konlar ko'p edi va ziyofat yaxshi ovqatlanishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Lagerning dastlabki kunlarida ko'p vaqt kiyimlar va uxlash moslamalarini tayyorlash va sozlash bilan, Vranjel oroliga bo'lajak yurishga tayyor holda o'tkazildi. Muzning siljishi lagerni orol tomon asta-sekin harakatlantirar edi, ammo yurishga harakat qilish uchun kunduzgi yorug'lik yetarli emas edi.[65]

Hozirgi kunda antropolog Anri Beuchat qo'shilgan Makkay va Myurrey ushbu faoliyat davomida lagerning umumiy hayotida unchalik katta rol o'ynamadilar va imkon qadar tezroq uni mustaqil ravishda tark etishga qaror qilishdi.[66] Bartlett yurishga urinishdan oldin fevral oyining uzoqroq kunlarini kutishni xohlar edi, lekin Vangel orolida avans lagerini tashkil etish uchun izni buzadigan guruh yuborishga Makkinlay va Mamen ishontirdilar.[67] Boshchiligidagi to'rt kishilik partiya Karlukniki birinchi ofitser Aleksandr Anderson va shu jumladan ekipaj a'zolari Charlz Barker, Jon Brediy va Edmund Golightli, Vartel orolining shimoliy qirg'og'idagi Berri punktida yoki yaqinida o'z lagerlarini tashkil etish uchun Bartlettning ko'rsatmasi bilan 21-yanvar kuni kema halokati lagerini tark etishdi. 4 fevral kuni partiyani skaut sifatida kuzatib borgan Bjarne Mamen kemalar halokati lageriga qaytib kelib, guruhdan bir necha chaqirim uzoqlikda, aniqrog'i Wrangel oroli bo'lmagan va, ehtimol Herald oroli, Belgilangan manzildan 38 milya (61 km) uzoqlikda joylashgan. Bu Anderson partiyasining so'nggi ko'rishi edi; ularning yakuniy taqdiri o'n yil o'tgach, ularning qoldiqlari Herald orolida topilgan paytgacha o'rnatilmagan.[68][69][70]

Vrangel oroliga mart

Ko'zga ko'rinadigan ikkita burma, eskirgan qo'l yozuvi bilan yopilgan va to'rtta imzo qo'ygan qog'oz.
Alister Forbes Makkay va uning partiyasi tomonidan imzolangan kapitan Bartlettga xat, kapitanga ularning erga mustaqil ravishda yurish to'g'risida qarorlari to'g'risida xabar beradi.

Bartlett Anderson partiyasi yaqinlashgan orolning aniq o'rnini aniqlash va Anderson haqiqatan ham o'sha erga tushganligini aniqlash uchun jamoani qaytarib yuborishga qaror qildi. Tizzasidan olgan jarohati Mamenni Inuit juftligi, Kataktovik va Kuraluk bilan kema boshqaruvchisi Ernest Chafe o'z zimmasiga olgan bu vazifadan chetlashtirdi. Chafe guruhi Herald orolidan 3 km uzoqlikda, ochiq suvda to'xtab qolishdan oldin kelgan. Dürbünle sinchkovlik bilan tekshirilganda, yo'qolgan tomonning alomatlari aniqlanmadi va Chafe, Anderson va kompaniya orolga etib bormagan degan xulosaga kelishdi. Keyin Chafe va uning partiyasi kemalar halokati lageriga qaytib kelishdi.[71][72]

Ayni paytda, 4 fevralda Makkay va uning guruhi (Myurrey va Beuchat, dengizchi Stenli Morris qo'shilgan) ertasi kuni er qidirish uchun ketayotganlarini e'lon qilishdi. Makkay Bartlettga 1 fevralda boshlangan maktubni taqdim etdi: "Biz, quyi imzo chekuvchilar, mavjud tanqidiy vaziyatni hisobga olgan holda, erga etib borishga harakat qilishni xohlaymiz". Maktubda tegishli materiallar so'ralgan va sayohat o'z tashabbusi bilan amalga oshirilganligi va Bartlettni barcha majburiyatlardan ozod qilganligi ta'kidlangan. Bartlett ularga 50 kun davomida chana, chodir, olti litr neft, miltiq va o'q-dorilar va oziq-ovqat ajratdi.[73] Ular 5 fevral kuni jo'nab ketishdi; bir necha kundan keyin ularni Chafe va Inuitlar Herald oroliga abort qilish safari bilan qaytib kelishgan. Ular Makkayning partiyasi muvaffaqiyatga erishishga qiynalayotganini, ularning ba'zi oziq-ovqatlari yo'qolganligi va yuklarini engillashtirish uchun kiyim-kechak va boshqa jihozlarning tashlanganligini aniqladilar. Beuchat, ayniqsa, ruhiy tushkunlikda va gipotermiya holatida edi. Biroq, partiya yordamdan bosh tortdi va Chafening u bilan birga Shipwreck lageriga qaytib borishni iltimoslarini rad etdi.[72] Keyinchalik ularning taqdiridagi yagona ishora Morrisga tegishli dengizchining sharfidir, keyinchalik muz qatlamiga ko'milgan holda topilgan. Taxmin qilinishicha, to'rt kishi muz bilan ezilgan yoki u orqali qulab tushgan.[74]

Dengiz muzlari uyumlari bir-biriga to'planib, tog 'silliq tog'lari haqida taassurot qoldirmoqda.
Vrangel oroli atrofidagi muzlagan, bezovta qilingan dengiz yuzasi

Bartlettning partiyasi endi sakkiz kishidan iborat edi Karluk ekipaj a'zolari (o'zi, muhandislar Jon Munro va Robert Uilyamson, dengizchilar Xyu Uilyams va Fred Maurer, o't o'chiruvchi Jorj Breddi, oshpaz Robert Templeman va Chafe), uchta olim (McKinlay, Mamen va geolog Jorj Malloch), Jon Xedli va beshta Inuit ( to'rt kishilik oila va Kataktovik). 60 yoshli Xadli,[33] Bartlett va Inuitlar qatori muzdan uzoq masofalarga sayohat qilish tajribasiga ega bo'lgan oz sonli kishilardan biri edi.[24] Bartlett o'z guruhini guruhga bo'lib, izni yoqish va Wrangel oroliga boradigan yo'lda ta'minot omborlarini yotqizish uchun yubordi va shu bilan tajribasiz partiyasini muzda sayohat qilish xavfiga tayyorladi.[75] Ularning asosiy safarga tayyor ekanliklarini sezgach, ularni to'rtta jamoaga ajratdi va dastlabki ikkitasini 19 fevralda jo'nab yubordi. Bartlettning o'zi oxirgi ikki guruhni 24-fevral kuni lagerdan olib chiqib, lager aholi yashash joyiga siljishi kerak bo'lsa, mis barabanida partiyaning joylashuvi to'g'risida yozuv qoldirdi. Wrangel oroliga qadar bo'lgan masofa 64 milya (64 km) deb taxmin qilingan edi, ammo sayohat uzunligi ikki baravar uzunligini isbotladi.[22]

Muz yuzasi juda parchalangan, sayohat sekin va qiyin kechgan. Dastlab tomonlar oldindan tomonlar belgilab qo'ygan yo'l bo'ylab sayohat qilish imkoniyatiga ega edilar. Biroq, so'nggi bo'ronlar izning katta qismini buzib tashladi va ba'zi joylarda Bartlettning qarorgohini uning jamoasi uxlayotganda buzib tashlashga olib kelgan muzni buzish natijasida taraqqiyot kuzatildi.[76] 28 fevralda barcha tomonlar bir qator baland bo'yli balandliklar oldida to'planishdi, balandligi 25 dan 100 futgacha (7,6 dan 30,5 m gacha), bu ularning rivojlanishini to'xtatdi. Ular sharqqa va g'arbga cho'zilib, orolga boradigan har qanday yo'lni to'sib qo'yishdi. McKinlay, Hadley va Chafe u erda qoldirilgan materiallarni olib ketish uchun Shipwreck lageriga qaytib, xavfli yo'lga jo'natildi, qolganlari esa asta-sekin maydalab, baland minoralar bo'ylab yo'lni kesib tashladilar. Bir hafta o'tgach, MakKinlay guruhi asosiy partiyaga qaytib kelganida, oldinga boradigan yo'l atigi 5 km uzoqlikda yurgan edi, ammo eng yomon tizmalar engib o'tildi.[77][78] Hadli, tizmalarning uzoq yillik Arktika tajribasida ko'rgan narsasidan ham yomonroq ekanligini da'vo qildi. Safarning keyingi bosqichlari osonroq kechdi, chunki guruh barqaror silliq muz ustida sayohat qildilar va 12 mart kuni ular Vranjel orolining shimoliy qirg'oqlaridan cho'zilgan uzun tupurik quruqlikka etib kelishdi.[78]

Bartlettning sayohati

Bartlettning dastlabki rejasi shuki, guruh Wrangel orolida qisqa vaqt dam olib, keyin birga Sibir qirg'og'iga borishi kerak edi. Ammo, uch kishi - Maman, Mallox va Maurerlar jarohat olgani, boshqalari esa zaif va muzlab qolgani sababli, Bartlett faqat Kataktovikni olib yordamga borganida asosiy partiya orolda qolishi kerak degan qarorga keldi.[79] Juftlik 18 martda boshlandi, etti it va 48 kunlik oziq-ovqat bilan (itlar uchun 30 kun),[80] Anderson yoki Mackay partiyalarining belgilarini izlash uchun orolning janubiy qirg'oqlari bo'ylab kengaytirilgan yo'lni bosib o'tdi.[81] Hech narsa topolmagandan so'ng, ular muzdan o'tib Sibir tomon yo'l olishdi, lekin tez-tez o'zgarib turadigan va buzilib ketadigan suv sathida asta-sekinlik bilan harakatlanayotgan suv ochiq yo'llar hosil bo'ldi. Doimiy ravishda siljib yurgan qordan ularning mollarini qazish uchun ko'proq vaqt yo'qotildi. Ular materikka yaqinlashganda Kataktovik asabiylashdi; u Alaskan Inuitlarini Sibirda mahalliy aholi yoqtirmasligini eshitgan Chukchi odamlar va uning hayotidan qo'rqqan. Bartlett asta-sekin oldinga siljishganda uni tinchlantirish uchun qo'lidan kelgancha harakat qildi.[82]

Olti kishi, ehtimol ota-onalar va to'rtta bola, ularning hammasi uzun bo'yli smokga o'xshash tashqi kiyim va katta etik kiygan. Ba'zilar boshiga yaqin shlyapa kiyishadi. Besh kishi shubhali tarzda kameraga qaraydi, biri boshqa tomonga qaraydi.
1913 yilda suratga olingan Shimoliy Sibir Chukchi guruhi

4 aprel kuni juftlik Shimoliy burunning g'arbiy qismida, Shimoliy Sibir qirg'og'ida joylashgan Jakon burniga yaqin erga etib bordi. Qorda chana izlari borligi ularning aholi yashaydigan joyga tushganligini ko'rsatdi.[83] Ular bir kun Chukchi qishlog'iga etib borishdan oldin bu yo'llarni kuzatib borishdi. Bu erda, Kataktovikning qo'rquvidan farqli o'laroq, ularni mehmondo'stlik bilan kutib olishdi, ularga boshpana va ovqat berishdi.[84] 7 aprel kuni ular yo'lga chiqishdi Sharqiy Keyp. Bartlett ilgari bunday tinimsiz sovuq ob-havoni boshdan kechirmagan, qor bo'ronlari, bo'ronli shamollar va ko'pincha -50 ° C (-58 ° F) dan past haroratlarda bo'lgan. Yo'lda ular bir necha Chukchi qishlog'idan o'tib ketishdi, u erda Bartlett mollarni kerakli mollarga almashtirdi - u molini almashtirdi Colt revolver yosh, kuchli it uchun.[85] Bartlett "bu mehribon odamlarning asl insoniyligiga xos" yo'lda duch kelganlarning aksariyati ko'rsatgan mehr-oqibat va saxovatni hayratda qoldirdi.[84] 24-aprel kuni ular Sharqiy Keypdan bir necha mil g'arbdagi Emma Town shahriga etib kelishdi. Bartlett Vranjel orolidan ketganidan keyin 37 kun ichida Kataktovik bilan 1100 km masofani bosib o'tganini hisoblab chiqdi, bularning barchasi oxirgi bosqichdan tashqari piyoda.[86]

Emma Townda Bartlett Rossiyaning taniqli amaldori Baron Kleyst bilan uchrashdi, uni olib ketishni taklif qildi Emma Makoni qirg'oqda, bir hafta uzoqlikda, u Alyaskaga kemani qidirishi mumkin edi. Bartlett qabul qildi va 10 may kuni, garchi safari va hujumidan hanuz kuchsiz bo'lsa ham tonzillit, Kataktovik bilan xayrlashdi (u hozircha Emma Taunada qolgan) va baron bilan yo'lga chiqdi.[87] Yo'lda ular kapitan Pedersenning shu joyda ekanligini bilishdi. 16 may kuni ular Emma Harborga etib kelishdi; besh kundan keyin Pedersen baliq oviga keldi Herman va kechiktirmasdan Bartlettni kemaga olib, Alyaskaga yo'l oldi. Ular 24-may kuni Nomdan chiqib ketishdi, ammo muz ularni qirg'oqqa etib borishiga to'sqinlik qildi. Uch kun kutgandan so'ng ular janubga burilishdi va qo'nishdi Sent-Maykl Bartlett nihoyat Ottavaga hukumatni xabardor qilib radio xabar yuborishga muvaffaq bo'ldi Karlukniki taqdir. Shuningdek, u qaerdaligi to'g'risida surishtiruv o'tkazdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari daromadlarni kesuvchi Ayiq, u uni yopiq partiya uchun mumkin bo'lgan qutqaruv kemasi sifatida ko'rdi.[88]

Vrangel orolida

Orolning baliqqa o'xshash shakli aniqlangan qo'lda chizilgan xarita. Ichki geografik xususiyatlar (tog'lar, daryolar) belgilanadi, qirg'oq atrofidagi barcha nomlangan burunlar va o'lik joylar birgalikda belgilanadi.
Vyanel orolining xaritasini kuzatib borish Bjarne Mamen tomonidan chizilgan. Partiyaning turli xil lagerlar joylashgan joylari (Icy Spit, Waring Pt., Rodgers Harbor) ko'rsatilgan.

Kema halokatiga uchragan lagerdan quruqlik Wrangel orolining shimoliy tomonida bo'lgan va ular "Icy Spit" deb nomlashgan. Ketishidan oldin Bartlett partiyadan orol atrofida ov maydonlarini ko'paytiradigan bir nechta lagerlar tashkil qilishni so'radi. Kapitan, shuningdek, kichik guruhlarga bo'linish, mos kelmaydigan belgilarni ajratib, umumiy uyg'unlikka yordam berishini his qildi.[89] U barcha guruhlarni orolning janubiy tomonida, iyul oyining o'rtalarida, Rodjers-Harborda qayta yig'ilishini xohladi.[90]

Biroq, kelishmovchilik Bartlett ketganidan keyin deyarli darhol oziq-ovqat almashish uchun boshlandi. Kema halokatiga uchragan lagerdan barcha materiallarni sudrab olib borish imkoni bo'lmagandi va yurish kutilganidan uzoqroq davom etdi; natijada pechene etishmasligi, pemmikan (quritilgan go'sht, yog 'va shakar aralashmasi) va itlarning ovqatlari. May yoki iyun oylarida ob-havo yaxshilanmaguncha, qushlarni ovlash va ov qilish bilan ta'minotni ko'paytirish imkoniyati kam edi. Hadley va Inuitlar, Kuraluk, muz ustida muhr ovidan qaytgach, Xedli ovdan tushgan mablag'ni o'z iste'moliga yashirganlikda gumon qilinardi; the same pair were also accused of wasting scarce cooking oil.[91][92] McKinlay records that the circumstances depressed morale and destroyed comradeship: "The misery and desperation of our situation multiplied every weakness, every quirk of personality, every flaw in character, a thousandfold."[91]

Two attempts were made to travel back to Shipwreck Camp to pick up extra food, but both failed, the second resulting in further losses of dogs and equipment.[91] Chafe, whose feet had become gangrenous after severe frostbite, had his toes removed by second engineer Williamson, with improvised tools.[93] McKinlay and Munro risked their lives by travelling over the sea ice towards Herald Island, in a final effort to locate either of the missing parties. They could get no nearer than 15 miles (24 km), and from an examination of the distant island through binoculars could see no indications of life.[94]

Konusning chodiri plyajning xaroba qismida joylashgan bo'lib, uning fonida pasttekisliklar mavjud.
The camp at Rodgers Harbor. Vrangel oroli

Other health problems persisted; Malloch's frostbitten feet failed to heal, and Mamen's knee, which he had dislocated during the days at Shipwreck Camp, troubled him continuously. A worrying illness began to affect many of the party: the general symptoms were swelling of the legs, ankles and other body parts, accompanied by acute lethargy. Malloch was the worst affected; he died on 17 May, but his tent-mate Mamen was too ill to see to his burial, so the body lay in the tent for several days, creating a "frightful smell", until McKinlay arrived to help. Mamen himself died ten days later of the same debilitating disease.[95]

From early June the diet was augmented with the appearance of birds. These birds and their eggs became a vital source of food; as the supply of seal meat dwindled to nothing, the party was reduced to eating rotten flippers, hide, or any part of a seal that was remotely edible.[96] The sharing of birds became another bone of contention; according to Williamson "Wednesday last, [Breddy and Chafe] really obtained 6 eggs and 5 birds instead of 2 eggs and 4 birds as they reported."[97] Breddy was suspected of other thefts. On 25 June, after a gunshot was heard, Breddy was found dead in his tent. The circumstances of his death, whether accident, suicide or in Hadley's view, murder (with Williamson as the chief suspect) could not be determined. Williamson later called Hadley's suspicions "hallucinations and absolutely untrue."[98] Various items stolen from McKinlay were found among Breddy's personal effects.[99][100]

Despite the sombre outlook, the Canadian flag was raised at Rodgers Harbor on 1 July in honour of Dominion Day.[101] Later in the month the party's spirits improved when Kuraluk caught a 600-pound (270 kg) walrus, which provided fresh meat for several days.[102] As August came without sign of a ship and the weather began to turn wintry again, hopes of rescue fell; the party began to prepare for another winter.[103]

Qutqarish

O'n erkak, bitta ayol va ikkita bola (bitta erkak egilib) kemaning pastki qismida turibdi. Ikkala bola ham asosan soyada yashiringan. Ular iliq kiyingan, asosan qalin kurtkalar va etiklarda, aksariyatining yuzi esa charchagan va charchagan bo'lsa-da, bir nechtasi tabassum qilishga urinmoqda.
The Karluk survivors after rescue, photographed with Captain Bartlett on board the rescue vessel Ayiq Left to right: Munro {back row}; Templeman {front row}; Williamson; Hadley; Captain Bartlett; Keruk {back row}; Mugpi {front row}; McKinlay {back row}; Kerdrillo {front row}; Williams {back row} Maurer
The "Bear" and "Corwin" June 1914

The revenue cutter Ayiq arrived in St Michael, Alaska, midway through June. Her master, Captain Cochran, agreed to go to Wrangel Island as soon as he got permission from the United States government.[104] It would be impossible, in any event, to attempt the rescue before mid-July; ice conditions in the Arctic that year were reported as severe.[105] After receiving permission, Ayiq, with Bartlett aboard, left St Michael on 13 July; the ship had many calls to make along the Alaskan coast before she could proceed with the rescue.[106] On 5 August, at Port Hope, Bartlett met with Kataktovik and gave him his expedition wages and a new suit of clothing.[107] At Point Barrow on 21 August Bartlett encountered Burt McConnell, Stefansson's erstwhile secretary, who gave details of Stefansson's movements after leaving Karluk the previous September. In April 1914, McConnell reported, Stefansson had headed north with two companions, searching for new lands.[108]

McConnell left Point Barrow for Nome aboard King and Winge, an American-registered walrus hunter, while Ayiq finally sailed for Wrangel Island.[109][110][111] On 25 August Ayiq was stopped by ice 20 miles (32 km) from the island, and after failing to force a way through, Cochran had to return to Nome for more coal—a decision which, says Bartlett, gave him "days to try a man's soul".[112] Back in Nome Bartlett met Olaf Swenson, who had chartered King and Winge for the season and was about to sail for Siberia. Bartlett requested that, if possible, King and Winge stop by Wrangel Island and look for the stranded Karluk ziyofat. Ayiq left Nome on 4 September, a few days after Swenson's ship.[113] King and Winge, with McConnell still aboard, reached Wrangel Island on 7 September. That morning the group at Rodgers Harbor were awakened early in the morning by the sound of a ship's whistle, and found King and Winge lying a quarter of a mile offshore. They were rapidly transferred to the ship, which then picked up the remainder of the stranded party who were camped along the coast at Waring Point. By the afternoon all 14 survivors were aboard.[109][110][114]

After a futile attempt to approach Herald Island,[109] the ship began the journey back to Alaska; next day she encountered Ayiq, with Bartlett aboard. McConnell records that the party were unanimous in their desire to remain with the ship that had effected their rescue, but Bartlett ordered them aboard Ayiq.[109] Before returning to Alaska, Ayiq made a final attempt to reach Herald Island; ice limited their approach to 12 miles (19 km), and they saw no signs of life.[110][n 5] The reunited party arrived at Nome on 13 September, to a great welcome from the local population.[116]

Natijada

Bartlett, celebrated as a hero by press and public, was honoured for "outstanding bravery" by the Qirollik geografik jamiyati. However, he was later censured by an admiralty commission for taking Karluk into the ice, and for allowing Mackay's party to leave the main group—despite the letter that Mackay and the others had signed, absolving the captain from responsibility.[5][98] Stefansson, too, was privately critical of Bartlett's conduct.[117] Bartlett resumed his career at sea, and over the next 30 years led many more excursions to the Arctic.[98] During the Second World War he carried out surveying and supply work for the Allies; he died, aged 70, in April 1946.[118] His account of the Karluk disaster, published in 1916, makes no direct criticism of Stefansson or anyone else; Niven records, however, that to his friends Bartlett was highly uncomplimentary about his former leader.[98]

Kurruluk, Keruk and children, four of the survivors of the S.S. "Karluk" Stefansson's Canadian Arctic Expedition
Kema kemasi ko'rinadigan joyda turgan kichik bola. U mo'ynali kiyim-kechak kiygan va mo'ynali botinka kiygan, ochiq va baxtli ifoda bilan.
"Mugpi", the three-year-old child who with her family survived the ordeal of the Karluk voyage.

In 1918 Stefansson returned after four years' absence, reporting the discovery of three new islands. He was honoured by the National Geographical Society, received tributes from polar veterans such as Peary and Adolphus Greely,[119] and was given the presidency of the Explorers Club Nyu-York.[120] In Canada his reception was more muted; there were questions relating to the overall costs of the expedition,[98] its poor initial organisation, and his handling of the Southern Party which, under Rudolph Anderson, completed its work independently of Stefansson.[121] Anderson and other members of the Southern Party later petitioned the Canadian government to investigate statements made by Stefansson in his 1921 book The Friendly Arctic, which they felt reflected poorly on their honour. The request was declined on the ground that "no good could come of the enquiry."[98] In his book Stefansson takes responsibility for the "bold" decision to take Karluk into the ice rather than hugging the coast on the way to Herschel Island, and accepts that he "chose the wrong alternative".[122] However, McKinlay felt that the book gave an inaccurate account of the Karluk voyage and its consequences, "putting the blame ... on everyone but Vilhjalmur Stefansson."[119] The historian Tom Henighan believes that McKinlay's biggest complaint against his leader was that "Stefansson never at any time seemed able to express an appropriate sorrow over his lost men."[123] Stefansson, who never returned to the Arctic, died in 1962 at the age of 82.[124]

The fate of First Officer Alexander Anderson's party remained unknown until 1924, when an American vessel landed at Herald Island and found human remains, with supplies of food, clothing, ammunition and equipment. From these artefacts it was established that this was Anderson's party. No cause of death was established, though the plentiful unconsumed supplies ruled out starvation. One theory was that the tent had blown away in a storm and that the party had frozen to death. Another was uglerod oksididan zaharlanish within the tent.[69]

The mystery illness which affected most of the Wrangel Island party and accelerated the deaths of Malloch and Mamen was later diagnosed as a form of nefrit brought about by eating faulty pemmican. Stefansson explained this by saying that "our pemmican makers has failed us through supplying us with a product deficient in fat."[125] Peary had emphasised that a polar explorer should "give his personal, constant and insistent attention" to the making of his pemmican; McKinlay believed that Stefansson had devoted too much time selling the idea of the expedition, and too little ensuring the quality of the food that its members would depend upon.[126]

Of the survivors, Hadley continued working for the Canadian Arctic Expedition, becoming second officer and later master of the supply ship Oq ayiq. He died of influenza, in San Francisco in 1918.[127] Hadley and McConnell wrote accounts of their experiences for Stefansson, who incorporated them in The Friendly Arctic. Chafe also wrote and published a short account.[128] Most of the others quickly returned to relative obscurity, but in 1922, Fred Maurer was persuaded by Stefansson to join an attempt to colonise Wrangel Island. To the embarrassment of the Canadian government,[129] Stefansson insisted on going ahead, even though Wrangel Island was indisputably part of what had then become the Sovet Ittifoqi. A party of five, including Maurer, was sent to the island; only one, an Inuit woman Ada Blackjack, survived.[124] Despite their ordeal, many of the Karluk survivors lived long lives; Williamson, who declined to speak or write of his experiences in the Arctic, lived to be 97, dying in Victoria, Canada, in 1975. McKinlay died in 1983, aged 95, having published his account of the expedition in 1976.[98] Kuraluk, Kuruk and their daughters, Helen and Mugpi, returned to their former life at Point Barrow. The two girls, says Pálsson, had provided "important sources of cheer at the darkest moments."[130] Mugpi, who later was known as Ruth Makpii Ipalook, became the very last survivor of the Karluk voyage, dying in 2008 after a full life, aged 97.[131]

Published voyage accounts

Six first-hand accounts of Karluk's last voyage have been published. These include Stefansson's account which only covers the June to September 1913 period. Expedition secretary Burt McConnell wrote an account of the Wrangel Island rescue which was published in The New York Times, 15 September 1914. A version of McConnell's account appears in Stefansson's book.

  • 1914: Bartlett's story of the Karluk – Robert Bartlett
  • 1916: The Last Voyage of the Karluk – Robert Bartlett and Ralph Hale
  • 1918: The Voyage of the Karluk, and its Tragic Ending – Ernest Chafe
  • 1921: The Friendly Arctic – Vilhjalmur Stefansson
  • 1921: The Story of the Karluk – John Hadley
  • 1976: Karluk: The great untold story of Arctic exploration – William Laird McKinlay

Izohlar va ma'lumotnomalar

Izohlar

  1. ^ In the absence of any indication within the sources, all distances have been treated as statute miles and converted to km on that basis.
  2. ^ According to Measuringworth.com, the current value of projects (such as this expedition) should be calculated using the GDP deflator. By this method, $45,000 in 1913 is equivalent to $747,921 in 2010. On a iste'mol narxlari indeksi basis the conversion equivalent is $1,009,232.[2]
  3. ^ Karluk was built in the US (Bartlett says in Oregon[18] while US registration records show Benicia, California).[19] She was taken over from Stefansson, when the Canadian government assumed responsibility for the expedition.[20] Several designations have been applied to the ship, including "HMCS" (His Majesty's Canadian Ship),[21] "DGS" (Dominion Government Ship),[22] and "CGS" (Canadian Government Ship).[23] HMCS is the designation for Canadian naval ships; although Karluk sailed under a non-navy captain and with a non-navy crew, she flew the Canadian Blue Ensign, the jack of the Royal Canadian Navy.[24]
  4. ^ The cat, named by the crew Nigeraurak ("Little Black One"), had come on board at Esquimault, and had been adopted by fireman Fred Maurer. After the sinking she survived the ice marches and the period on Wrangel Island, and was rescued with the survivors in September 1914. According to Niven's account the cat lived to a grand old age, producing numerous litters.[62]
  5. ^ The steamer Korvin, chartered for a rescue attempt by Jafet Lindeberg of Nome, and the Russian icebreaker Vaygach also approached Herald Island without seeing any trace of the missing men.[110][115]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Vanstone, James W (July 1994). "The Noice Collection of Copper Inuit Material Culture". Fieldiana. Antropologiya. New York: Field Museum of Natural History (Fieldiana Series, publication no. 1455): 4–5. ISSN  0071-4739. Olingan 8 yanvar, 2010.
  2. ^ "Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to Present". Measuringworth. Olingan 7 yanvar, 2010.
  3. ^ a b Henighan, pp. 57–58
  4. ^ a b v d Niven, pp. 12–14
  5. ^ a b Higgins, Jenny (2008). " Karluk Disaster". Nyufaundlendning yodgorlik universiteti. Olingan 9 yanvar, 2010.
  6. ^ Stefansson, p. 27
  7. ^ Pálsson, p. 130
  8. ^ a b v d Niven, pp. 8–9
  9. ^ a b Bartlett, pp. 4–6
  10. ^ Leslie, pp. 297–98
  11. ^ a b Henighan, pp. 60–61
  12. ^ Pálsson, p. 132
  13. ^ a b McKinlay, pp. 10–13
  14. ^ Riffenburgh, p. 244
  15. ^ Fleming, pp. 354–61
  16. ^ "Roosevelt (steamer)". Amerika dengiz qiruvchi kemalarining lug'ati. Dengiz tarixi va meros qo'mondonligi. Olingan 15 sentyabr, 2018.
  17. ^ a b Niven, pp. 20–21
  18. ^ a b Bartlett p. 2018-04-02 121 2
  19. ^ Annual List of Merchant Vessels of the United States (1913). Washington DC: US Department of the Treasury. 1913 yil. Olingan 25 yanvar, 2010.
  20. ^ Stefansson, p.x
  21. ^ Niven, p. 1
  22. ^ a b McKinlay, p. 81
  23. ^ Appleton, Thomas. "A History of the Canadian Coast Guard and Marine Services". Kanada qirg'oq xavfsizligi. Olingan 22 yanvar, 2010.
  24. ^ a b v McKinlay, p. 68
  25. ^ Stefansson, pp. x, 47
  26. ^ "American Offshore Whaling Voyages: a database". Mystic Seaport (Lund, Judith N., Elizabeth A. Josephson, Randall R. Reeves and Tim D. Smith; National Maritime Digital Library http://www.nmdl.org ). Olingan 16 may, 2017. (search ship "Karluk")
  27. ^ Jenness, pp. 8–9
  28. ^ a b McKinlay, pp. 18–19
  29. ^ a b Niven, pp. 14–15
  30. ^ McKinlay, pp. 15–17
  31. ^ a b McKinlay, pp. 20–21
  32. ^ Niven, p. 16
  33. ^ a b Bartlett, p. 20
  34. ^ Stefansson, p. 36
  35. ^ Niven, pp. 24–27
  36. ^ Bartlett, p. 23
  37. ^ McKinlay, pp. 27
  38. ^ Bartlett, p. 26
  39. ^ Niven, p. 49
  40. ^ McKinlay, p. 28
  41. ^ Jenness, p. 11
  42. ^ Bartlett, p. 37
  43. ^ a b Niven, pp. 54–56
  44. ^ Pálsson, p. 134
  45. ^ Jenness, pp. 15–17
  46. ^ Pálsson, p. 167
  47. ^ Diubaldo, p. 82
  48. ^ Bartlett, p. 48
  49. ^ Bartlett, p. 49
  50. ^ Fleming, pp. 201–29
  51. ^ Niven, pp. 61–62
  52. ^ Niven, pp. 70–78
  53. ^ McKinlay, p. 44
  54. ^ McKinlay, p. 46
  55. ^ Bartlett, p. 69
  56. ^ Niven, pp. 88–89
  57. ^ Bartlett, pp. 74–78
  58. ^ Niven, p. 105
  59. ^ a b v McKinlay, pp. 63–65
  60. ^ Niven, pp. 117–118
  61. ^ Bartlett, pp. 90–91
  62. ^ Niven, p. 28 and p. 365
  63. ^ a b McKinlay, pp. 68–70
  64. ^ See rough plan drawn by McKinlay. Bartlett, p. 98
  65. ^ Niven, p. 129
  66. ^ Niven, p. 131
  67. ^ Niven, pp. 133–38
  68. ^ McKinlay, pp. 72–76
  69. ^ a b Niven, pp. 3–6 and 368–70
  70. ^ The Evening Star October 14, 1924 page 4 At the time of the discovery of the remains in OCtober 1924 thee was speculation this was the remains of the Mackay party
  71. ^ McKinlay, p. 78
  72. ^ a b Niven, pp. 162–65
  73. ^ Bartlett, pp. 128–29
  74. ^ Niven, p. 360
  75. ^ Leslie, p. 309
  76. ^ Niven, pp. 177–78
  77. ^ Leslie, pp. 310–11
  78. ^ a b McKinlay, pp. 84–90
  79. ^ Niven, p. 190
  80. ^ Bartlett, p. 180
  81. ^ Niven, pp. 196–98
  82. ^ Bartlett, pp. 197–98
  83. ^ Niven, pp. 226–29
  84. ^ a b Leslie, p. 315
  85. ^ Niven, p. 230
  86. ^ Niven, pp. 232–34
  87. ^ Niven, pp. 235–36 and p. 244
  88. ^ Niven, pp. 255–56 and pp. 258–59
  89. ^ Niven, p. 192
  90. ^ McKinlay, p. 94
  91. ^ a b v McKinlay, pp. 96–104
  92. ^ McKinlay, pp. 108–10
  93. ^ McKinlay, p. 105
  94. ^ Niven, p. 203
  95. ^ McKinlay, pp. 113–120
  96. ^ Niven, p. 300 and p. 321
  97. ^ Niven, p. 289
  98. ^ a b v d e f g Niven, pp. 357–67
  99. ^ Niven, pp. 287–88 and pp. 294–95
  100. ^ McKinlay, pp. 135–36
  101. ^ Niven, p. 305
  102. ^ Niven, pp. 307–08
  103. ^ Niven, pp. 327–29
  104. ^ Niven, pp. 264–65
  105. ^ Bartlett, p. 297
  106. ^ Niven, pp. 302–03
  107. ^ Bartlett, p. 301
  108. ^ Bartlett, pp. 302–306
  109. ^ a b v d McConnell, Burt (September 15, 1914). "Got Karluk's Men As Hope Was Dim" (PDF). The New York Times. Olingan 13 yanvar, 2010.
  110. ^ a b v d Cochran, pp. 79–86
  111. ^ Niven, pp. 324–27
  112. ^ Bartlett, p. 309
  113. ^ Niven, pp. 333–334
  114. ^ McKinlay, pp. 148–51
  115. ^ Stefansson, pp. 725–27
  116. ^ Bartlett, p. 323
  117. ^ Henighan, p. 62
  118. ^ Leslie, pp. 320–21
  119. ^ a b McKinlay, p. 162
  120. ^ Henigahan, p. 68
  121. ^ Henighan, pp. 69–74
  122. ^ Stefansson, p.48
  123. ^ Henighan, p. 76
  124. ^ a b Leslie, pp. 321–22
  125. ^ Stefansson, p. 486
  126. ^ Leslie, pp. 317–18
  127. ^ Stefansson, p. 763
  128. ^ Chafe, Ernest F. (May 1918). "The Voyage of the "Karluk," and Its Tragic Ending". The Geographical Journal. 51 (5): 307–316. doi:10.2307/1780073. JSTOR  1780073.
  129. ^ Diubaldo, p. 161
  130. ^ Pálsson, p. 136
  131. ^ Harper, Kenn (July 18, 2008). "Ruth Makpii Ipalook: 1911–2008". Nunatsiaq yangiliklari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011 yil 8 oktyabrda. Olingan 5 fevral, 2010.

Manbalar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar