RRS Discovery - RRS Discovery

RRS Kashfiyot

RRS Kashfiyot yilda Antarktida v. 1923 yil
Tarix
Birlashgan Qirollik
Egasi:	Dandi merosiga ishonish 1985 yildan beri
Quruvchi:	Dandi Shipbuilders kompaniyasi, Dandi
Yotgan:	1900
Ishga tushirildi:	21 mart 1901 yil[1]
Homiylik qilingan:	Lady Markham
Masih:	Lady Markham
Holat:	Muzey kemasi yilda Dandi, Shotlandiya
Umumiy xususiyatlar
Sinf va turi:	Yog'och barka; 1 huni, 3 ustun
Tonaj:	736 GRT[2]
Ko'chirish:	1,570 tonna[3]
Uzunlik:	172 fut (52 m)
Nur:	33 fut (10 m)
Harakatlanish:	Ko'mirda ishlaydigan 450 ot kuchiga ega bug 'dvigateli va suzib yurish
Tezlik:	8 tugun (15 km / soat; 9,2 milya)
Ekipaj:	11 zobit va 36 kishi

RRS Kashfiyot a shtamplangan yordamchi paroxod uchun qurilgan Antarktika tadqiqotlar olib borildi va 1901 yilda ishga tushirildi. Bu so'nggi uchta an'anaviy yog'ochdan yasalgan kemali kemadir Birlashgan Qirollik. Uning birinchi vazifasi shu edi Britaniya milliy antarktida ekspeditsiyasi, ko'tarish Robert Falcon Scott va Ernest Shaklton sifatida tanilgan Antarktidaga birinchi va juda muvaffaqiyatli sayohatida Kashfiyot Ekspeditsiya.

Xizmatdan keyin savdo kemasi oldin va paytida Birinchi jahon urushi, Kashfiyot xizmatiga qabul qilingan Britaniya hukumati da 1923 yilda ilmiy tadqiqotlar olib borish Janubiy okean, birinchi bo'lib Qirollik tadqiqot kemasi. Kema ikki yillik ekspeditsiyani amalga oshirdi Kashfiyot bo'yicha tergovlar - okeanlar, dengiz hayoti to'g'risida qimmatli ma'lumotlarni yozib olish va birinchi ilmiy tadqiqotlar o'tkazish kit populyatsiyalar. 1929 yildan 1931 yilgacha Kashfiyot uchun asos bo'lib xizmat qilgan Britaniya Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiya Antarktika tadqiqotlari ekspeditsiyasi (BANZARE) ostida Duglas Mawson, hozirgi zamondagi muhim ilmiy va hududiy izlanish Avstraliya Antarktika hududi.

BANZARE'dan qaytib kelganda, Kashfiyot bog'lab qo'yilgan London statik sifatida o'quv kemasi 1979 yilgacha uning qaramog'iga topshirilgunga qadar mehmonlarni jalb qilish Dengizchilik ishonchi muzey kemasi sifatida. Qayta tiklanganidan so'ng Kashfiyot Endi u o'zi qurilgan shaharda mehmonlarni jalb qilish markazidir, Dandi. U ekspeditsiya kemalaridan omon qolgan ikkita kemadan biri Antarktida qidiruvining qahramonlik davri, ikkinchisi Norvegiya kemasi Fram (hisoblanmasdan ARAUrugvay 1903 yilda tirik qolgan va Antarktidada suzib o'tgan, ammo Antarktidani o'rganish uchun maxsus qurilmagan^[4]).

Loyihalash va qurish

Ilmiy va siyosiy e'tibor tobora ortib bormoqda Antarktida 19-asr oxiri davomida Britaniyada qit'aga ekspeditsiya o'tkazish to'g'risida ko'plab takliflar mavjud edi. The Qirollik floti Antarktida bo'yicha kashshof bo'lib, montaj ishlari olib borgan Ross ekspeditsiyasi 1839 yilda bu kashf etilgan Ross muzli tokcha. Diqqat shimol tomonga burilgan edi Arktika ga etib borishga urinishlar Shimoliy qutb. RN o'rnatilgan Britaniya Arktika ekspeditsiyasi 1874 yilda.

Asrning boshlarida janubiy qutb mintaqasiga o'xshash ekspeditsiya uchun bosim kuchaygan. Britaniya hukumati va Admirallik hukumat ekspeditsiyasini uyushtirishdan to'xtadi, lekin ikki asosiy manfaatdor ilmiy tashkilot boshchiligidagi loyihani qisman moliyalashtirishga rozi bo'ldi Qirollik geografik jamiyati va Qirollik jamiyati. Admiraltiya ekspeditsiya uchun mo'ljallangan kemani loyihalashtirish va uni eksklyuzivlashtirishda amaliy yordam ko'rsatar edi, kemaning o'zi esa RGSga tegishli edi.

Bag'ishlangan qurish bo'yicha dastlabki munozaralar qutbli tadqiqotlar kema takrorlanadigan deb hisoblanadi Fridjof Nansenniki kema Fram ammo bu kema muzning to'plami orqali ishlash uchun maxsus ishlab chiqilgan Arktika Angliya kemasi Antarktidaga etib borguncha minglab chaqirim ochiq okeanni bosib o'tishi kerak edi, shuning uchun odatiy dizayn tanlandi. Uning umumiy dizayni uchun mas'ul bo'lgan W.E. Smit, qariyalardan biri dengiz me'morlari da Admirallik, kema dvigateli, qozonxonalar va boshqa texnikalar flot muhandisi Filipp Marrak tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan.

Kema uning dizaynidagi ko'plab jihatlarni (shuningdek, uning ismini) Qonli it, Dandi tomonidan qurilgan kit ov qiluvchi kemaga olib kirildi Qirollik floti kabi xizmat HMS Kashfiyot Arktika ekspeditsiyasi uchun. 1900 yilga kelib bir necha metr Birlashgan Qirollik zarur bo'lgan hajmdagi yog'och kemalarni qurish qobiliyatiga ega edi - faqat ikkita kema ishlab chiqaruvchi shartnoma tuzish uchun takliflar yuborishdi - lekin kema yog'ochdan yasalgan bo'lishi kerak, chunki u mustahkamligi va ta'mirlanishi oson bo'lishi uchun hamda po'latdan magnit parazitni kamaytiradi. eng aniqiga imkon beradigan korpus navigatsiya va geodeziya.

Asosiy kompas mukammal sharoitda o'rnatildi va yo'q bo'lishi kerak edi po'lat yoki temir ushbu nuqtadan 30 fut (9,1 metr) uzoqlikdagi armatura - shkafning asl yostiqchalari (asosiy ko'prikdan pastda va pastda) o'zgartirilgandagina, temir topilgan tugmachalarni o'z ichiga olgan. Xuddi shu sababli qozonxonalar va dvigatel kemaning orqa tomoniga o'rnatildi, bu shuningdek uskunalar va jihozlar uchun maksimal joyni ta'minladi. Ko'prik ostida magnit maydon o'lchovlarini o'tkazish uchun maxsus laboratoriya mavjud edi.

Kema deyarli qurilishi kerak edi Norvegiya tomonidan Framnlar, keyinchalik quradigan hovli Chidamlilik ammo Britaniya hukumati pulini Britaniyaning bir hovlisida sarflash kerak deb o'ylardi Kashfiyot tomonidan qurilgan Dandi Shipbuilders kompaniyasi kabi birinchi navbatda kichikroq kemalar yasagan traulerlar, tortish kemalari va bug 'yaxtalari. Hovli ilgari egalik qilgan Aleksandr Stiven va o'g'illari va qurgan edi Terra Nova (1910 yilda Scott tomonidan sotib olingan oxirgi ekspeditsiya 1884 yilda. Kema qurilishiga mas'ul qo'mita xarajatlarni kamaytirish maqsadida uning qozonlari, dvigatellari va yordamchi texnikalari uchun alohida tender taklif qildi, ammo Dandi Shipbuilders ham ushbu shartnomani yutib oldi.

Kema qurilishi uchun 34.050 funt sterling, shuningdek, yana 10.322 funt sterlingni dvigatel va mashinalar bilan jihozlash va boshqa uskunalar va armatura uchun 6000 funtdan ortiq mablag 'sarflangan. Uchun umumiy xarajatlar Kashfiyot 51000 funtni tashkil etdi, bu zamonaviy valyutada 4,1 million funtga teng. Kemaning ichki joylarini, ilmiy jihozlarini va jihozlarini jihozlash bo'yicha batafsil ishlarning ko'pi bevosita Skot va kemaning yangi tayinlangan muhandisi tomonidan nazorat qilingan. Reginald Skelton.

Kashfiyot 450 ot kuchiga ega ko'mir bilan jihozlangan uch marta kengayish bug 'dvigateli, lekin birinchi navbatda suzib yurishga ishonish kerak edi, chunki ko'mir bunkerlar kemani uzoq safarlarga olib chiqish uchun etarli imkoniyatga ega emas edi.^[5] Oltita tugunli (6,9 milya / soat, 11,1 km / soat) iqtisodiy kruiz tezligida u faqat 7700 milya bug'lash uchun etarli ko'mir tashiydi; sayohat Yangi Zelandiya 12000 mildan ko'proq masofani bosib o'tdi. Sakkizta knotkada (9,2 milya / soat, 14,2 km / soat) u atigi 5100 milni bug'lashga qodir edi.

Kema yordamchi bug 'harakatiga ega bo'lgan suzib yuruvchi kema sifatida ko'rilgan - birinchi marta 1900 yilda ro'yxatdan o'tgan Kashfiyot yelkanli kema deb tasniflangan. Uning qonuniy egalari Qirollik Geografik Jamiyati edi, uning prezidenti, Ser Klements Markxem, Royal Harwich Yacht Club a'zosi bo'lgan - Kashfiyot shu tariqa RHYCning yelkanli yaxtasi sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tgan va rasmiy nomi va prefiksi 'S.Y. Kashfiyot ". U RHYC-da uchib ketdi burge va Moviy Ensign uning birinchi ekspeditsiyasi davomida.

U a kabi soxtalashtirilgan barka (oldingi va asosiy ustunlar mavjud kvadrat platforma va suzib yuradigan mizzen ustuni) va suzib yurishning maksimal maksimal maydoni 12296 kvadrat metrni (1142 kvadrat metr) tashkil etdi. Zamonamizning eng zamonaviy suzib yuruvchi kemalari amaliyotiga amal qilgan holda shamol shamollari, u splitni amalga oshirdi tepaliklar ularni boshqarish uchun zarur bo'lgan pastki ekipaj hajmini kamaytirish uchun. Uning usta va asosiy ustidagi uchqunlari va suzib yurishlari ehtiyot qismlarni kamaytirish va osonroq ta'mirlashni ta'minlash uchun bir xil edi.

Kema bir nechta yirik yuklarni tashish uchun soxtalashtirilgan qalay va huni mizzen stailail dengizda bir marta qalbakilashtirilganida, uni pastki qismga yotqizish uchun taglikka osilgan edi. The Kashfiyot suzib yurish paytida dvigatel kuchiga qaraganda ancha tezroq bo'lgan - uning 24 soat ichida bosib o'tgan masofasi 223 dengiz milini (358 km) tashkil etadi, bu 9,2 knot (10,5 milya, 17 km / soat) ga teng.

Kema katta muzlatilgan muzga chidashga va maydalashga qarshi turishga mo'ljallangan juda katta qurilgan yog'och korpusga ega. Uni ishga tushirish paytida Kashfiyot hozirgi kungacha qurilgan eng kuchli yog'och kema sifatida keng tanilgan edi. Odatdagidan ancha yaqinroq joylashtirilgan korpus ramkalari qattiq qismlardan yasalgan eman qalinligi 11 dyuymgacha (27,9 sm). Tashqi korpus ikki qatlamdan hosil bo'lgan - qalinligi 6 dyuym (15,2 sm) va tashqi teri qalinligi taxminan 5 dyuym (12,7 sm).

Uchinchi astar ramkalarning ichiga yotqizilgan bo'lib, deyarli butun korpus atrofida dubli va teri hosil qilgan. Bu shuni anglatadiki, korpusning qalinligi 60 santimetrdan oshgan va bu nafaqat kuchli kuch, balki sovuqqa qarshi mukammal izolyatsiyani ham ta'minlagan. Qurilish o'rnatishni imkonsizligini anglatardi illyuminatorlar (va ularni moslashtirish korpusni zaiflashtirgan bo'lar edi), shuning uchun ekipaj kemalar ichidagi havo va yorug'likni ta'minlash uchun kemadagi "qo'ziqorin teshiklariga" tayangan.

Yog'ochni taxta qilish uchun ishlatiladigan taxta kemaning qayeriga yotqizilganiga va qanday konstruktiv maqsadga xizmat qilishiga qarab farq qiladi: ichki qatlam Shotlandiya qarag'ay 6 dyuymli teridan esa baland qarag'ay, Gonduras maunasi yoki eman. Tashqi korpus yasalgan Ingliz ilmi va Greenheart. Eman nurlari korpus bo'ylab uch qavatdan iborat bo'lib o'tadi - pastki pog'onalar to'sinlari 11 dyuym (27,9 sm) kvadratga teng va kemaning uzunligi bo'ylab 0,9 m masofada joylashgan. Etti ko'ndalang bulkheadlar, shuningdek, yog'och, qo'shimcha kuch beradi va har qanday muzning shikastlanishi butun kemani suv bosmasligini ta'minlaydi.

Muz parchalari yoki ezilib ketishining oldini olish uchun ikkita pichoqli pervanni yo'ldan chiqarib tashlash mumkin rul osongina ajralib ketishi va kemada saqlanishi mumkin edi. Ikkinchi rul va zaxira pervanel pichoqlari olib yurildi, agar uning ruli yoki boshqarish moslamasi to'liq ishdan chiqqan bo'lsa, kema uning yelkanlari yordamida boshqarilishi mumkin edi. Temirdan yasalgan kamonlarni qattiq chayqashgan, shunda ular muzni to'qnashganda ular chetga chiqib, muzni o'lik vazn bilan ezib tashlashlari kerak edi.

Ikkala tomonidagi ko'mir bunkerlarida har biri 60 tonnadan iborat bo'lgan temir bo'linma mavjud edi toza suv. Bular uzoq ummonga borishda va qaytishda to'lgan bo'lar edi Yangi Zelandiya lekin uchun Antarktika ekspeditsiya ko'mirning qo'shimcha quvvati muhimroq edi, chunki har kuni muz va qorni eritib suv bilan ta'minlash mumkin edi, shuning uchun idishlar ko'mir bilan to'ldirilgan bo'lar edi. Metall rezervuarlar, shuningdek, qozon va dvigatel bo'shliqlari atrofidagi pastki korpusning mustahkamligiga hissa qo'shdi.

1900 yil 16 martda, homiylar tomonidan yaqinlashib kelayotgan ekspeditsiyaga katta xayr-ehsonlar sharoitida Llevellin V. Longstaff va Britaniya hukumati, qurilish Kashfiyot yilda boshlandi Dandi, Shotlandiya, tomonidan Dandi Shipbuilders kompaniyasi. U ishga tushirildi Tayning Firthi Serning rafiqasi Ledi Markem tomonidan 1901 yil 21 martda Klements Markxem, Prezidenti Qirollik geografik jamiyati.^[6]

Tarix

Britaniya milliy antarktida ekspeditsiyasi

The Britaniya milliy antarktida ekspeditsiyasi dan besh oy o'tmay Buyuk Britaniyani tark etdi Kashfiyot ishga tushirildi va kema Dandi ketgandan bir hafta o'tgach. Kema ishga tushirilishi va Antarktidaga jo'nab ketishi orasida cheklangan vaqt bo'lganligi uchun cheklangan vaqt bo'lgan dengiz sinovlari. Uning bug 'ostidagi tezligi sinovdan o'tkazildi va kutilganidan ham yaxshiroq isbotlandi - sinovlar paytida uning o'rtacha tezligi rejalashtirilgan 8 tugun o'rniga 9 tugunni tashkil etdi. To'liq ekipajsiz va qisqa vaqt ichida uning quruvchilari ham, Skott ham uning ish qobiliyatini yoki suzib yurish holatini sinab ko'rish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lmadilar.

Uning jihozlarining katta qismi sinovdan o'tkazilmagan, shuning uchun uzoq safarga borish kerak edi Yangi Zelandiya orqali qilingan Madeyra va Keyptaun, shuningdek, yangi kema bo'lishi mumkin shakedown kruiz. Dandi shahridan Londonga etib borguncha, undan qochqin topilgan qattiq rul ustuni atrofida. Kemani to'liq ta'mirlash uchun quritilgan dokga qo'yishga vaqt yo'q edi, chunki Skelton qo'shimcha qo'llash bilan shug'ullanishi kerak edi pishirish.

Kema Londonda 1901 yil iyulga qadar suzib ketguncha materiallar va jihozlarni yuklashda to'xtab qoldi Sigirlar ustida Vayt oroli u erda avgust oyida langar tashlagan. Bu vaqt ichida u RGS yaxtasi bo'lib xizmat qildi Sigirlar haftaligi va bir necha martabali mehmonlar tomonidan ekskursiya qilindi, tashrifi bilan yakunlandi Qirol Edvard VII va Qirolicha Aleksandra 5 avgustda. Ekspeditsiya ertasi kuni, 1901 yil 6-avgustda Kovzdan jo'nab ketdi.

Skottning kema haqidagi birinchi taassurotlari yomon edi, chunki uning sekin va javobsizligini hisobga olganda, muzda yaxshi ishlashi uchun hech qanday ko'tarilmasdan qurilgan sayoz korpus minimal barqarorlikni ta'minladi. Kashfiyot ochiq dengizda bir marta og'ir dumalab tushgan (u vertikalning har ikki tomonining 94 darajasidan 47 darajagacha dumalab tushgani qayd etilgan - Janubiy okean ) va "ushlashga" moyil edi (o'z yo'nalishi bo'ylab u yoq-bu yoqqa yurish). Shaklton kemani juda ko'p suzib yurgan yomon suzuvchi deb ta'riflagan orqaga Skott ham kema konstruktsiyasidan xavotirda korpus ishlashga yaroqsiz edi muz to'plang.

Ammo ekspeditsiya bir marta Shovqinli qirqliklar kema juda yaxshi ekanligini isbotladi dengizga kirish va u og'irligi va o'lchamiga ko'ra suzib yuradigan maydonini nisbatan kam tashiganligi sababli, u kuchli shamol va og'ir dengizlarda yaxshi rivojlanishni talab qilmasdan amalga oshirishi mumkin edi. rif. The Kashfiyot g'ayrioddiy dumaloq, osilgan qattiq (asl nusxadagi asosiy o'zgarishlardan biri) Qonli it dizayn) nafaqat rulni ko'proq himoya qilishni ta'minlabgina qolmay, balki kemaning orqa qismidagi eng katta dengizlarning hammasining buzilishini oldini oldi va kemaning pastki qismini quruq ushlab turdi, garchi qirg'oq zobitlarni turar joyiga aylantirgan va xona shovqinli.

Kashfiyot (o'rtada) McMurdo Sound-da muz bilan qamalib qolgan, hamrohligida Tong (chapda) va Terra Nova (o'ngda) 1904 yil fevralda.

Ekspeditsiya orqali Yangi Zelandiyaga yo'l oldi Madeyra va Keyptaun to'ldirish uchun. Kema qo'yildi quruq dok birinchi marta Lyttelton va duradgor, Frederik Deyli, topilgan ko'plab bo'sh murvat teshiklari va bo'shashgan korpus armaturalari haqida batafsil hisobot tayyorladi. Olti metr (1,8 metr) chuqurlikdagi suv kemaga tushgan bilgelar va pastroq tutmoq taxtada yomon muhrlangan bo'g'inlar orqali. Bular ta'mirlanar ekan, RGS va Dandi Shipbuilders o'rtasida kamchiliklar uchun kim javobgar ekanligi to'g'risida ancha tortishuvlar bo'lgan, ammo Kashfiyot Antarktidaga Yangi Zelandiyada uch haftadan so'ng 1901 yil 21 dekabrda jo'nab ketdi.

Antarktika qirg'oq chizig'i 1902 yil 8-yanvarda ko'rilgan. Birinchi oy ichida Skot qirg'oq chizig'ini chizishni boshladi. Keyin, qishga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun u langar tashladi McMurdo Sound tomonidan hukmron bo'lgan g'arbiy shamoldan himoyalangan ko'rfazda Hut-Point yarimoroli. The Kashfiyot langar bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri muzli tokchaga bog'langan va Skot portning bir qismini portlatish uchun portlovchi moddalardan foydalangan, shunda kema uch tomondan himoya qilinishi mumkin edi.

8 fevralda Kashfiyot har tomondan qadoqlangan muz bilan o'ralgan edi. Ekspeditsiya o'zini kema va qirg'oq o'rtasida bo'lishdi Kashfiyot turar joy uchun ishlatilgan va ekspeditsiyaning qishki yashash joyi bo'lgan yig'ma kulbadan laboratoriya sifatida foydalanilgan. Garchi kema muz bilan o'ralgan bo'lsa-da, tobora kuchayib borayotgan galesiyalarda kema muz tepkisiga urilib urilib, urilib ketar edi, ammo uning kuchli ko'p qavatli yog'och korpusi odatdagi kemani yorib o'tadigan kuchlarga qarshilik ko'rsatardi.

Mart oyining oxiriga kelib Kashfiyot muz bilan qoplangan tovushga to'liq qotib qoldi. Keyingi ikki yil davomida kema muz bilan qulflangan holda u erda qoladi; ekspeditsiya u erda qishni o'tkazishini va bahorda harakat qilishni kutgan edi. Shunga qaramay, kemaning ishi va ishi Antarktika qishida davom etdi. Ekspeditsiya Antarktidani chindan ham qit'a ekanligini aniqlay oldi va ular ko'chib o'tishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi Janubiy magnit qutb. Scott, Shackleton va Edvard Uilson shuningdek, a Eng uzoq janub 82 daraja 18 daqiqa.

Kashfiyot ajoyib turar joy kemasi ekanligi isbotlandi. Yagona takrorlanadigan shikoyat bu ofitserlarning kabinalari juda sovuq ekanligi edi. Ular xonaning har ikki tomoniga va qozonxonalar va ko'mir bunkerlari ustiga joylashtirilgan. Qozonxonalar o'chirilgandan so'ng bunkerlarda isitilmaydigan va chuqur muzlatilgan ko'mir massasi xonalarda issiqlikni saqlashni qiyinlashtirdi. Idishning devorlarida muz tez-tez paydo bo'lib turar edi va Skott ish stolida o'tirganida, isinish uchun oyoqlarini somon qutisiga solib qo'yish kerakligini aytdi.

1903 yil yanvarda Tong, Uilyam Kolbek qo'mondonligi bilan ekspeditsiya uchun qo'shimcha materiallar bilan McMurdo Sound-ga etib keldi. (Antarktidadagi ekspeditsiya ham, Londondagi tashkilotchilar ham) bunga umid qilishdi Kashfiyot Antarktida yozida muz parchalanib, sayohatini davom ettirishga imkon berganligi sababli ozod bo'lar edi. Ammo u muzda qoldi va kema va uning ekipaji ikkinchi yil qishlashi kerak edi Tong mart oyida jo'nab ketdi.

1903 yil bahorida yana bir quruqlik ekspeditsiyasi tashkil qilindi, Skott yana ikkinchi yoz imkon berishiga yana ishondi Kashfiyot Ovozni tark etish. 1904 yilning yanvarida yana Kolbek tomonidan boshqariladigan ikkinchi yordam ekspeditsiyasi keldi Tong va Terra Nova, butun ekspeditsiyani qazib olish va tark etish buyrug'i bilan Kashfiyot agar kema 25 fevralgacha muzdan xoli bo'lmasa.

Ikkita yordam kemalari muz orqali asta-sekin yo'lni sindirib tashladilar, Skott esa ish joylarini tashkil qildi Kashfiyot muzni korpusdan uzish uchun arra va pikniklardan foydalanish. Biroq, 10 fevralga qadar tadqiqot kemasi hali ham muzga qulab tushdi va yordam kemalari kurash olib borgan kemadan ikki mil (3,2 kilometr) uzoqlikda edi. Skott jihozlari va namunalarini evakuatsiya qilishni boshladi Kashfiyot uni tashlab ketishga tayyorgarlik ko'rish bilan birga 1904 yil 16 fevralda muz birdan buzila boshladi. Bilan bir qator boshqariladigan portlashlarni amalga oshirgandan so'ng dinamit Kashfiyot paketdan ozod qilindi va ko'p o'tmay yordam kemalari yonma-yon chizish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ldilar.

Dan ellik tonna ko'mir o'tkazildi Terra Nova, bu maqsad uchun qo'shimcha yoqilg'i tashigan va kapitan Tong qo'shimcha 25 tonna berdi. Bug 'ko'tarila boshladi Kashfiyot 17 fevralda, lekin kema dengizga to'liq tayyor bo'lgunga qadar gale portladi. Kema uning langariga qarab sudrab bordi va uning qozonlarida bosim etarli edi, chunki u uni ikki yildan buyon boshpana bergan muzli tokchaga qaytarib yuborishining oldini olish uchun edi.

Skot Xut Poytnni soat 11 da yengil tebranish bilan gale tishlarini aylanib o'tishga urindi, ammo kema bejizga to'xtab qoldi. shoal. To'siq tufayli kemani oldinga surib, orqaga qaytarishga urinishgan, ammo dvigatellar unga kuch va suv olish imkoniyatidan mahrum bo'lishgan. kondensator muz va tuproq bilan to'silgan. Kema to'lqinlar va shamol ta'sirida vujudga urilib, erga urilib, qariyb o'n soat vaqtni o'tkazdi.

Yordam kemalari kapitanlari qutqaruvga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun yonida turdilar va ekipaj ularning kemasi eng yaxshi holatda halokatga uchrashi va eng yomoni bo'linib ketishidan qo'rqishdi. Skott o'sha oqshomni ekspeditsiya davomida o'tkazgan "eng dahshatli" deb ta'rifladi. 18 fevral soat 3 da shamol mo''tadil bo'lib, oqim o'zgarib, kema o'z og'irligi ostida qirg'oqdan siljiy boshladi. Orqa tomon suzib chiqqandan so'ng, suv olish joylari tozalandi va dvigatellar kamonni tortib olishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Tekshiruvlar shuni ko'rsatdiki Kashfiyot bu sinovdan deyarli butunlay zarar ko'rmasdan o'tib, faqat o'zining tashqi ko'ylaklarini yo'qotdi va rulga ozgina zarar etkazdi. Tongga yaqin kema quruqlikdan tozalandi.

Yordam kemalaridan olinadigan qo'shimcha ko'mir Skottga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yo'lga borishga majbur emasligini anglatadi Yangi Zelandiya, o'rniga shimolga qarab harakatlanamiz Shimoliy burun va Balleni orollari, marshrut, shuningdek, chizilgan erlarning mavjud emasligini isbotladi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Ekspeditsiyasi 1840 yilda. O'chirilgan Keyp Adare shikastlangan rul bo'shab qoldi va ehtiyot qismni o'rnatish kerak edi.

Uchta kema yana birlashdilar Oklend orollari va 1-aprel kuni Lyttletonga joylashdi. Kashfiyot keyin sharq tomonga qarab yo'l oldi qaychi marshruti Buyuk Britaniyaga qaytib, ba'zi okeanografik tovushlarni olib, "xayolotni" qidirmoqdalar Dougherty Island u shunday qildi. Orqali o'tgandan keyin Magellan bo'g'ozi u to'xtadi Folklend orollari magnit tadqiqotlarni o'tkazish. Kashfiyot qaytib keldi Spithead 1904 yil 10 sentyabrda, u ketganidan 1131 kun o'tgach.

Yuk kemasi

Buyuk Britaniyaning Antarktika milliy ekspeditsiyasi qaytib kelgandan keyin katta e'tirofga sazovor bo'ldi, ammo jiddiy moliyaviy muammolarga duch keldi va shuning uchun 1905 yilda, Kashfiyot ga sotilgan Hudson's Bay kompaniyasi uni o'rtasida yuk kemasi sifatida ishlatgan 10.000 funt sterlingga (uning dastlabki qurilish narxining beshdan bir qismi) London va Hudson ko'rfazi, Kanada. HBC yuk tashish maydonini ko'paytirish uchun kemani yangi maqsadi uchun obodonlashtirishni boshladi, ob-havo pastki qismidagi barcha turar joylarni va boshqa xonalarni echib tashladi. Uning ko'tarish pervanesi, vintzalarni yutish va uning asl nusxasi kabi xususiyatlar oshxona pechka olib tashlandi va sotildi. Kema zobitlari endi kemaning laboratoriyalari va ilmiy omborlari joylashgan kemalar uylariga joylashdilar, ekipaj esa ular ichida fokus.^[5]

Kashfiyot oziq-ovqat, yoqilg'i, qurilish materiallari va boshqa narsalarni tashiydigan 1905-1911 yillarda HBC uchun yillik transatlantik sayohatni amalga oshirdi porox Londondan Charlton oroli Kanadada (HBC ning yirik ombori yaqinida Bug'doy fabrikasi ). Kema fasllari juda og'ir edi mo'yna orqaga qaytish uchun yashiradi. Har bir sayohat taxminan ikki oy davom etdi va yozda amalga oshirildi, garchi kema hali ham muzni buzishi kerak edi Devis va Hudson Straights.

1912 yilgi mavsumdan Kashfiyot va boshqa HBC kemasi Pelikan, o'rniga yangi va ancha kattaroq bug 'yoqilg'isi o'rnatildi muzqaymoq, Nascopie va kema Londonda yotqizilgan. 1913 yil oktyabr oyida u Antarktidaga navbatdagi tadqiqot ekspeditsiyasini rejalashtirayotgan Qirollik Geografik Jamiyatining a'zosi Jozef Foster Stakxausga 9,500 funtga sotildi. Stackhouse HBC-ga kemada 1000 funt sterling miqdorida dastlabki depozit to'lagan, ammo qoldiqni to'lash uchun mablag 'to'play olmagan.

Birinchi jahon urushi paytida va undan keyin

Ning boshlanishi Birinchi jahon urushi rejalashtirilgan ekspeditsiya keyinga qoldirilganini ko'rdi va Stackhouse cho'kish paytida vafot etdi Lusitaniya 1915 yil may oyida, mablag 'yig'ish safaridan qaytayotganda Nyu-York shahri. Stackhouse vafot etganidan keyin HBC uni saqlash uchun oraliq xarajatlarni qoplash uchun 1000 funt miqdoridagi depozitini saqlab qoldi Kashfiyot.

Keyingi oy u HBC tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan va dunyoning turli mamlakatlaridan urush davri ta'minotini olib borish uchun boshqariladigan sxema bo'yicha 55 funt sterlingga sotib olingan va qayta soxtalashtirilgan. Frantsiya – Kashfiyot ushbu sxema bo'yicha 6600 ta shartnomalar asosida ijaraga olingan 300 ga yaqin kemalardan biri bo'ladi (u Steamer №141 edi), maxsus tuzilgan tomonidan boshqariladi. qobiq kompaniyasi Bay Steamship kompaniyasi deb nomlangan. Kashfiyot Londondan aprel oyida Nyu-Yorkka jo'nab ketdi, ammo uni qo'yish kerak edi Falmouth uning boshqaruvchisi atrofida katta qochqin tufayli.

Safar yomon ob-havo sharoitida 27 kun davom etdi va kemaning ahvoli juda ko'p bo'lganligi aniqlandi, ko'p qavatli qatlamlar oqib chiqdi va bir qator mexanik nosozliklar yuz berdi. Uning sharqqa safari amalga oshirildi La Rochelle ko'tarish gidroksidi soda, ishdan bo'shatish va korduroy. Ko'proq sızıntılar sodir bo'ldi, kabinalar va do'kon xonalarini suv bosdi. Uning ba'zi yog'ochlarida topilgan quruq chirish va unga kondensator talab qilinmadi dengiz suvi keyin uni ta'mirlashni talab qiladigan qozonlarida ishlatish kerak.

Yana bir ta'mirlash va ta'mirlash ishlari olib borildi "Suonsi" 1915 yil avgustda va keyin kema suzib ketdi Arxangelsk Frantsiya portlari orqali Nant, Bordo va Brest. Uning yuklari 500 tonna frantsuz edi o'q-dorilar qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun olib borilmoqda Rossiya imperiyasi, Arxangelsk bilan oq dengiz Evropa suvlarida Germaniyaning blokadasidan xoli bo'lgan yagona rus porti.

Orqali sayohat Shimoliy Keyp kemaning yomon ahvoliga oid yana bir qancha misollarni keltirdi, chunki u yana qochqinlarni keltirib chiqardi va buzilishlarga olib keldi. Uning qaytib yuklari 557 barrelni tashkil etdi metanol u olib borgan Le Havr. Kashfiyot og'ir dengizlarda shafqatsiz rulon bochkalarga bir oz zarar etkazdi va uning maxsus yuk kemasi lyukining yo'qligi, yukni tushirish va yuk tushirish maqsadli yuk tashish kemasiga qaraganda ancha uzoq vaqt talab etilishini anglatadi.

1916 yilda, Kashfiyot qutqarish uchun Britaniya hukumatiga qarz berildi Shaklton partiyasi marooned bo'yicha Fil oroli. Kashfiyot qayta tiklandi Plimut 1916 yil 11-avgustda jo'nab ketdi. Kema tezligi pastligi tufayli uni kemalar tortib olishdi kollier Polesli u maqbul darajaga yetguncha savdo shamollari. Bilan Birinchi jahon urushi hanuzgacha g'azablanib, tortishni ikki qirollik floti kuzatib bordi yo'q qiluvchilar.

Buyuk Britaniyani tark etganidan atigi to'rt hafta o'tgach Kashfiyot yetdi Montevideo, Shaklton o'z ekipajining qutqaruvini amalga oshirganligini bilish Yelcho esa Kashfiyot marshrutda edi. Abortli sayohatning ba'zi xarajatlarini qoplash uchun Kashfiyot 5943 xaltadan iborat yukni oldi bug'doy uning qaytishi uchun tijorat tashish stavkalari bo'yicha. U noyabr oyida Plimutga qaytib keldi va u erda HBCga topshirildi. U suzib ketdi Lorient u erda u don yukini tushirdi.^[7]

1917 yil yanvaridan 1918 yil martigacha Kashfiyot Frantsiya qirg'oqlari bo'ylab yuk tashiydi Biskay ko'rfazi Brest va Bayonne. U 1918 yil aprel oyida HBCga qaytib kelgan konvoy vazifasidan ozod qilindi va iyun oyida so'nggi transatlantik safariga chiqdi. Kardiff orqali Charlton oroliga Monreal. U ikki marta yaqin Hudson Straayt muzida tiqilib qoldi Keypli Keyp va Charlz oroli.

Uning ahvoli shuki, unga sharqiy safarda qimmatbaho mo'ynalarni olib yurishga ruxsat berilmadi va ularni faqat uzoqqa olib bordi. Nyufaundlend ularni suv oqishidan himoya qilish uchun maxsus o'rashlarda. Yuklangan umumiy tovarlarning yuklari bilan Sent-Jon, Kashfiyot qaytib keldi "Liverpul" 1919 yil yanvarda. O'sha yilning oktyabri va iyul oylari oralig'ida u Frantsiya Atlantika okeanining qirg'oqlari bo'ylab dengiz bo'ylab sayohatlarni amalga oshirdi. Ingliz kanali ga Antverpen.

1919 yil iyulda, Kashfiyot Buyuk Britaniya hukumati tomonidan Rossiyaga navbatdagi sayohati uchun yana qabul qilindi va bu safar Oq ruslar ichida Rossiya fuqarolar urushi. Bilan Qizil Armiya Rossiyaning yirik shimoliy-sharqiy shaharlari va portlarini nazorat qilishda yagona etkazib berish yo'li portlar orqali amalga oshirildi Qora dengiz. Kashfiyot chiqib ketdi Kallston-Xull va sayohat qildi Gibraltar va bo'ylab O'rtayer dengizi, yetdi Istanbul avgust oyi oxirida va orqali o'tgan Dardanel va docked Novorossiysk sentyabrda. Bu erda u boshqa HBC ta'minot kemasidan yuklarni xuddi shu yo'nalishda o'tkazdi (Pelikan ) va davom etdi Rostov-Don, u 6 oktyabrda etib bordi.

Uch hafta oldin yukni kutish Kashfiyot qariyb 4000 barrellik yuk bilan ortilgan tsement. Bu olib borildi Pirey (1 dekabrda etib kelgan) va keyin kema Istanbulga qaytib, u erda umumiy yukni, shu jumladan yong'oq sumkalarini yuklagan, zig'ir, gilamchalar va gilamchalar, ikra, tiftik va mis varaq. U 1920 yil fevral oyining o'rtalarida Londonga jo'nab ketdi va yonilg'i quydi Gibraltar 28 fevralda. U yukni tushirdi Sharqiy Hindiston doklari mart oyining o'rtalarida Londonda.

Rossiyadagi ziddiyatning rivojlanishi boshqa sayohatlar mumkin emasligini anglatardi. Yuk tashish biznesidagi pasayish va HBC tomonidan yangi, zamonaviy kemalarni sotib olish degani Kashfiyot talablarga ortiqcha edi. U bir oyni a ga bog'lab qo'ydi suzgich Temzada at Deptford u charterga taklif qilingan bo'lsa-da, iyun oyida Janubiy G'arbiy Hindiston dokasida joylashgan. Saqlash yoki sotish uchun uning barcha jihozlari olib tashlandi, mashinalari esa yog 'qatlamida saqlandi.

U 1922 yil boshida HBC Janubiy G'arbiy Hindiston dokidagi kemada vaqtincha shtab-kvartirasi sifatida qarz berishga rozilik berganida edi. Stepney Dengiz skautlari.

Kashfiyot bo'yicha tergov

Kashfiyot Avstraliyada.

1923 yilda uning boyliklari qayta tiklanganda Mustamlaka idorasi Britaniya hukumati uni keyingi tadqiqot ishlari uchun sotib oldi. Hudson's Bay kompaniyasi sotildi Kashfiyot 5000 funt evaziga sotib oldi va agar u kema mo'yna savdosida raqobatlashadigan firma uni ishlatishini oldini olish uchun sotilgan bo'lsa, kemani qayta sotib olishni rad etish huquqini saqlab qoldi. Hukumat kemani uzoq muddatli loyihalarni o'rganish, xaritalarini tuzish va tahlil qilish uchun sotib olgan edi kit aholisi Janubiy okean.

Kashfiyot da 114000 funt sterling miqdorida qayta tiklandi Vosper & Company Bu eskirgan yillarni to'g'ri ishlatish va kemani yangi maqsadi uchun jihozlash uchun qayta qurish edi. Xarajatlarning katta qismi tomonidan qoplandi Folklend orollari hukumati chunki bu hudud tobora ko'proq qaram bo'lib qolgan edi kit ovlash uning iqtisodi va sayohati kitlar zaxiralarining joylashishi, hajmi va boshqarilishi to'g'risida muhim ma'lumotlarni taqdim etadi. Shu sababli, egalik huquqi Kashfiyot Folklend orollari ijroiya kengashiga va unga tegishli edi ro'yxatdan o'tish porti Londondan o'zgartirildi Port Stenli. Endi Britaniya hukumatining rasmiy xizmatida u ham a Qirollik tadqiqot kemasi.

Uning yangi roli ochiq okean bo'ylab minglab kilometr masofani bosib o'tishni talab qilishi sababli, o'zgarishlar uchun o'zgarishlar kiritildi Kashfiyot suzib yurish va suzib yurish ko'rsatkichlari. 1900 yilda Skott va Shaklton taklif qilganidek, uning old va bosh murabbiylari oldinga siljishdi (mos ravishda 4 fut / 1,2 metr va 8 fut / 2,5 metr), uni yangi hovlilarda va bo'linishni qo'shish paytida uni muvozanatli va barqaror qilish uchun. topgallant yelkanlari tezligini oshirish uchun suzib yurish maydonini 20 foizga oshirdi. Kema qurilganidek rul orqa tomonga joylashtirilgan va rulga zanjirlar orqali ulangan, kema esa qotirilgan magistralning ko'prigidan oldinga qarab, kemani boshqaradiganlar va uni boshqaradiganlar o'rtasida aloqa muammolarini keltirib chiqaradi.

Uning jihozida rulni yangi o'rnatilgan bug 'bilan boshqariladigan dvigatel yordamida boshqaradigan ikkinchi g'ildirak ko'prikka o'rnatildi. Dastlabki boshqaruv va boshqarish moslamalari favqulodda tizim sifatida saqlanib qoldi. Uning uch korpusining terisi ham keng taxta qilingan va keelning qismlari import qilingan yangi qismlar bilan almashtirilgan. Kvebek eman, kerakli shakli, hajmi va quvvatiga ega bo'lgan ingliz eman daraxtini olish imkonsiz. Yangi kabinalar va boshqa xonalar pastki qismida ham, pastki uylarda ham qurilgan. Bularga biologik va kimyoviy laboratoriyalar, kutubxona, a qorong'i xona yangi kabinalar va boshqa inshootlar, shu jumladan yangi xona.

Kema tashish uchun bir nechta vince bilan jihozlangan tovushli chiziqlar va chuqur suv trollar uzunligi minglab fathom bo'lgan kabellar, shuningdek, erta elektron echo sounder. Bu kemaga sayohat paytida nafaqat okean chuqurligini chizish, balki dengiz tubi, dengiz suvi namunalari va chuqur dengiz baliqlarining namunalarini tiklashga imkon berdi. Unga bug 'generatori va a bilan ishlaydigan elektr yoritgich o'rnatilgan edi kerosin suzib yurish paytida foydalanish uchun dvigatel va hozirda maqtanish a muzlatgichda yangi ta'minot uchun do'kon. U to'rttasini ko'targan motorli qayiqlar har xil o'lchamdagi. Yangi shaklda u paroxod sifatida qayta ro'yxatdan o'tkazildi.

Stenli Uells Kemp loyiha tadqiqot direktori etib tayinlandi Jozef Stenxaus, faxriysi Avroraning siljishi, sardori etib tayinlangan Kashfiyot. Kema jo'nab ketdi Portsmut 1925 yil iyulda. Tozalash va sinovlarning yakuniy jihatlari noyabr oyida kit ovlash mavsumi boshlanishidan oldin Janubiy okeanga etib borish uchun shoshilinch ravishda amalga oshirilgan edi, bu esa u kemada suzib ketayotganda kemada bir qator xatolarning paydo bo'lishiga olib keldi. Biskay ko'rfazi va u qo'yish kerak edi Dartmut ikki oy davom etgan ta'mirlash va o'zgartirishlar uchun.

U so'nggi jo'nab ketishni 24 sentyabrda amalga oshirdi va etib keldi Keyptaun 20 dekabr kuni, faqat to'xtab qoldi Ko'tarilish oroli. U molini etkazib, etkazib berish uchun yuk va pochtani oldi Tristan da Kunya uning yo'lida Janubiy Jorjiya. Ushbu nuqtadan tashqarida bo'lgan barcha harakatlar paytida Kashfiyot olish uchun muntazam ravishda to'xtadi okeanografik har bir oldindan belgilangan holatda olti soatgacha davom etishi mumkin bo'lgan so'rovnomalar.

Kema 20-fevral kuni Janubiy Jorjiyaga etib bordi va u erda ikki oy davomida bo'lgan edi, uning ekipaji va dengizchilari ekipaji ikkala qirg'oqda ham kitlar bilan birga ishladilar. Gritviken va dengizda, tutilgan va qayta ishlangan kitlarning qoldiqlarini o'rganish va ularning soni va harakatlarini kuzatish. Kashfiyot o'zi qildi gidrografik shuningdek, Janubiy Jorjiya atrofidagi dengizlarni okeanografik tadqiqotlar va yomon xaritali orolning o'zi va uning yovvoyi hayoti bo'yicha tadqiqotlar o'tkazildi.

Uning Britaniyadan kechikib ketishi tufayli ushbu sayohatlar Janubiy Atlantika qishining tubida va kemaning haddan tashqari ko'p aylanishi bilan amalga oshirildi. shamol va cheklangan dvigatel kuchi uning ishida qiyinchiliklarni keltirib chiqardi. 1926 yil 17 aprelda, Kashfiyot Gritvikenni tark etdi va suzib ketdi Folklend orollari qaytib kelishdan oldin Keyptaun 29 iyun kuni tadqiqot ishlarini olib borishda og'ir dengizlarda sharqqa sayohat qilish uchun besh hafta vaqt sarfladi.

Yuz bergan qiyinchiliklar sabab bo'ldi Kashfiyot joylashtirilmoqda quruq dok da Simon shahri jihozlangan bo'lishi uchun uch oy davomida dengiz bazasi bilge keels uning barqarorligini oshirish. Xuddi shu sababga ko'ra uning ko'taruvchisi topgallant va bosh ustidagi barcha hovlilar va ustma ustalar ko'tarilgan og'irlikni kamaytirish va kemani "qattiq" qilish uchun olib tashlandi. U eshak qozoni, prognozga o'rnatilgan, xuddi shu sabab bilan olib tashlangan.

Keyingi ish mavsumi uchun Kashfiyot Buyuk Britaniya hukumati tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan mutlaqo yangi ishlab chiqarilgan tadqiqot kemasi qo'shildi RRS Uilyam Skorbi. U 15-dekabr kuni Janubiy Jorjiyaga qaytib keldi, uning ekipaji o'zgarishlardan uning dengiz qirg'og'ini yaxshilaganini va aniq rolni kamaytirganini aniqladi. U amalga oshirdi plankton 1927 yil fevraligacha atrofdagi dengizlarni o'rganish, u boshlagan paytgacha Janubiy Shetland orollari, u erda kitlarning harakatlarini kuzatib borish uchun ularni "taglash" dasturini amalga oshirdi.

Mart oyida Kashfiyot tashrif buyurgan Aldama orol, o'sha paytda sakkizta katta tabiiy port sifatida xizmat qilgan zavod kemalari keyingi tadqiqotlar uchun. Janubiy qish paytida kema qirg'oq bo'ylab sayohat qildi Antarktika yarim oroli, chizish va tuzatish uchun so'rovnomalarni o'tkazish dengiz xaritalari. Discovery Sound birinchi marta o'rganilgan va o'rganilgan va kema nomi bilan atalgan. U edi Renar burni 24 mart kuni, shimolga qaytib, Aldash oroliga borishdan oldin, hanuzgacha muntazam ravishda okeanografik tadqiqotlar va biologik namunalarni olib borgan.

Kashfiyot bo'ronli va xavfli sharoitda okeanografik ko'rsatkichlarni olgan birinchi kema edi Drake Passage, shu jumladan atigi bir necha chaqirim naridagi bitta tadqiqot stantsiyasi Burun burni. Ushbu ketma-ketlik Antarktika oqimlarining birinchi to'liq ko'rinishini qurish uchun etishmayotgan ma'lumotlarni taqdim etdi. Ankerdan keyin Hermit orollari va tranzit Le Maire bo'g'ozi, Kashfiyot 1927 yil 6-mayda Port Stenliga langar tashlagan.

Ekspeditsiya ishi tugagunga qadar Keyptaunga yakuniy marshrut safari qaytarildi Kashfiyot Britaniyaga suzib ketdi. U 1927 yil 29 sentyabrda Falmutga keldi. Sidney Frederik Xarmer sayohatni "o'sha paytdan beri qirg'oqlarimizni tark etgan eng muhim ilmiy ekspeditsiya" deb atadi CHellenjer."

BANZARE

Esa Kashfiyot janubiy okeanida bo'lgan 1926 yilgi imperatorlik konferentsiyasi Britaniya imperatori haqidagi savolni ko'rib chiqdi suverenitet Antarktidada. O'sha paytda Antarktidada faqat ikkita hudud rasmiy ravishda tarkibiga kirgan Britaniya imperiyasi - the Folklend orollari va Ross qaramligi. Konferentsiyada qit'aning ettita boshqa qismi aniqlandi, ularning umumiy hajmi 3 million kvadrat milni (8 million kvadrat kilometrni tashkil etadi) Angliya birinchi kashfiyot asosida da'vo qilishi mumkin edi.

Antarktida va uning suvlarining iqtisodiy va strategik ahamiyati tobora ortib borayotganligi sababli, Angliya da'vosining rasmiylashtirilishi hayotiy ahamiyatga ega edi. Ekspeditsiya hukumat nomidan yer talab qilishga vakolatli xodimlar bilan birga yuboriladi, shuningdek keyingi geodeziya, razvedka va ilmiy ishlarni bajaradi. Ekspeditsiya Buyuk Britaniyaning umumiy mas'uliyati bo'lar edi, Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiya, shunday qilib Britaniya Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiya Antarktika tadqiqotlari ekspeditsiyasi, tez-tez qisqartirilgan BANZARE.

Avstraliya hukumati ekspeditsiyaning rahbarligi ostida ekspeditsiyaning amaliy jihatlari bilan shug'ullanishi kerak edi Avstraliya milliy tadqiqot kengashi. ANRC aniqlandi Kashfiyot ekspeditsiyani joylashtirish uchun yagona mos kema sifatida. Kema hali ham qo'mita nazorati ostida edi Kashfiyot bo'yicha tergovlar va Folklend orollari hukumatiga tegishli bo'lib, ular dastlab kemadan ajralishni istamadilar, chunki ularning ishlari hali ham davom etmoqda.

Qachon Norvegiya ekspeditsiyasi ilova qilingan Bouvet Island uchun Norvegiya 1927 yil dekabrda siyosiy bosim bu tezkorlik bilan tashkil etilganligini anglatardi Kashfiyot Avstraliyaga bepul ijaraga berish. Antarktika faxriysi Duglas Mawson BANZARE rahbari etib tayinlandi va u tayinladi Jon King Devis, Shakltonning Nimrod ekspeditsiyasi va Mawsonniki Avstraliya-Antarktida ekspeditsiyasi sardori sifatida Kashfiyot.

Kashfiyot 1929 yil 1-avgustda Londondan 25 ta ofitser va askar, ba'zi ilmiy uskunalar va qisman demontaj qilingan qo'shimchani olib ketgan. de Havilland DH.60 kuya uning kemasida yengil samolyotlar, bu havo tadqiqotlari uchun ishlatilishi kerak edi. Ko'mir bilan to'ldirilganidan keyin va boshqa materiallar Kardiff, the ship headed into the Atlantic to follow the qaychi marshruti ga Keyptaun, where Mawson and the scientific staff (most of whom were Australian) would join the ship.

Like Scott, and despite the vessel's modifications made during the 1923 rebuilding, Davis was not initially impressed with Kashfiyot as a sailing vessel, finding her sluggish and awkward in the light winds of the Doldrums and often being unable to point closer than 75 degrees off the wind. He also struggled with the inexperience of the crew, with none of the officers and (despite his efforts) few of the crew having experience in ocean-going sailing ships.

As with her previous captains, Davis' opinion of the ship changed as they reached the strong winds of the higher latitudes. In a gale on 1 October Kashfiyot was able to carry all her sail and was logged as travelling at 10 knots. The ship reached Cape Town on 5 October, making the journey in three days less than she had on her maiden voyage under Scott.

Preparations for the expedition proper included (following Stenhouse's experiences in the same waters) removing all the yards from the ship's mainmast and taking down the fore topgallant yards and storing them on the deck to both reduce the centre of gravity, lessen the roll and hopefully improve performance when steaming. Two new boats, including a motor-whaler, were added to the ship, as well as 40 tons of food and supplies, a library of 100 books, 2000 cases of scientific equipment and over 300 tons of coal.

The twelve scientists, including zoologists, biologists, an ornithologist, a cartographer and a hydrologist, as well as veteran Antarctic photographer Frank Hurley, also joined the ship here. Kashfiyot departed Cape Town on 19 October and called at Dele de la egalik, Kerguelen orollari va Xerd oroli – the latter reached on 26 November, with parties going ashore to study the wildlife and carry out geographical surveys at each location. The weather was nearly perpetually stormy and after leaving Heard Island the ship was pummelled by three days of continuous gale.

The weather calmed as they headed south and on 8 December Kashfiyot reached the Antarctic ice field and entered the pack ice three days later. The ship continued to work through dense field ice, heavily populated by pingvinlar va muhrlar. The aircraft, fitted as a dengiz samolyoti was used for scouting and survey work, becoming the first aircraft to be operated in Antarctica. Oceanographic work and trawls of sealife at various depths were made at regular intervals.

A flight on 1 January 1930, with Mawson on board, sighted new land and mountains, which were named Mac. Robertson Land. Davis refused to draw the ship near enough for a landing – an attitude that would be a regular source of conflict between the captain and Mawson. On 4 January, the ship reached Kemp Land, confirming its presence as it had been unseen since its initial discovery in the 1830s. On 12 January Kashfiyot sighted Enderby Land. The first landfall was made the next day, with the Union Jek being planted on Bayonot oroli by Mawson.

Ikki kundan keyin Kashfiyot encountered her fellow expedition ship, the Norvegiya, still engaged in similar exploratory and territorial work on behalf of Norway. Mawson had been sent regular wireless messages informing of his rival's whereabouts. The Norwegian leader, Xjalmar Riiser-Larsen, was received aboard Kashfiyot. The uzunlik of the meeting – 44°38′E – became the boundary between the subsequent Australian and Norwegian hududiy da'volar.

After the ships had parted Kashfiyot was swept 150 miles to the west before a fierce storm, once again impressing those aboard with her seaworthiness. Captain Davis was beginning to worry about his coal supplies, leading to more disagreements with Mawson who refused to let up on the expedition's scientific work which added greatly to the fuel consumption and distance travelled.

Working back eastwards, the expedition surveyed and photographed Keyp Ann and confirmed it to be the headland recorded by Jon Bisko in 1831. Unknown to the BANZARE crew, the Norwegians had also made aerial photographs of the same point and had reached the same conclusion just a few weeks before. With Davis still refusing to risk the ship close inshore, Mawson made a flight over Enderby Land on 25 January and dropped a second flag three miles (5 km) inland.

The next day Davis informed Mawson that there were only 120 tons of coal left in Kashfiyot bunkers and that they had to turn for home. Mawson felt that they should stay until they were down to 80 tons given that, despite the removal of some of her yards and rigging, Kashfiyot was still fully capable of voyaging under sail. Davis was backed up by W. Griggs, his engineer, who felt that the boilers would need cleaning within three weeks.

Reluctantly Mawson agreed to head north. Some oceanographic work was carried out on the return voyage to the Kerguelen Islands, where 190 tons of coal were taken aboard and the boilers washed out. Severe weather meant that Mawson had to abandon his plans for a cruise to Qirolicha Meri Land va o'rniga Kashfiyot carried out a month of biological and oceanographic work in the waters around the islands until she headed for Australia, reaching Adelaida on 1 April 1930.

A second year of research was authorised soon after the expedition's return and the British government's free loan of Kashfiyot uzaytirildi. Mawson was still in command. Captain Davis showed no interest in returning for the second expedition but personally recommended the first officer, Kenneth N. MacKenzie, as captain. The second expedition left Xobart on 22 November 1930. She carried 73 tons of supplies, which included 20 live sheep (accommodated in a pen on top of the sounding winch deckhouse) with a ton of fodder. There was also two tons of butter plus an 'electric cow' which would mix water and quruq sut, six tons of potatoes, 7800 eggs, half a ton of fresh meat in the refrigerated locker and 30 tons of fresh water (loaded aboard from a single hosepipe on the dockside). She also carried 430 tons of coal.

With a standard load Kashfiyot normally drew 13 feet (4m) of water but on leaving Hobart she drew 19 feet (5.8 metres). Five days out of port the expedition made its first discovery – an under-ocean ridge rising 6000 feet (1800 metres) out of a flat sea floor. This would later be found to be part of the Macquarie xato zonasi.

On 1 December the ship anchored off Macquarie Island, where shore parties were put ashore to study wildlife, the inland lakes and plants while Kashfiyot made soundings and surveys in the coastal waters. On 15 December the expedition rendezvoused with a whaling ship to take on 100 tons of coal and 25 tons of fresh water – an operation which took 16 hours. Scientific records were made of the whales being processed on the factory ship while the transfer was being carried out.

The expedition headed towards a small sliver of known coastline called Adélie Land, hoping to discover and claim land on either side. The southern summer of 1930 proved to be one of extremely heavy ice, with 111 icebergs being sighted from the ship in one day (21 December) alone. Snow flurries, fog and gales hampered navigation but on fine days Kashfiyot could make nearly 150 miles a day but over the Christmas period the ship was blocked in by pack ice. A Norwegian whaler was met on 29 December, which gifted the Kashfiyot a further 50 tons of coal.

On 31 December the ship was struck by a violent storm with winds of up to 70 mph (Force 11 on the Bofort shkalasi ). The ship was driven against the ice, while larger bergs were blown onto the ship by the wind. For eight hours Kashfiyot was repeatedly slammed into and onto thick ice and battered by bergs but MacKenzie was able to slowly work the ship offshore by use of the engine and, despite the fierce wind, sails. The ship found safe anchorage at Mawson's old base camp site at Cape Denison, where the wind moderated to Force 9. Here readings of the magnetic field were taken over 18 hours, which relocated the Janubiy magnit qutb and showed it had moved to the northwest since Mawson's previous readings in 1913.

On 5 January 1931, another flag-planting ceremony and proclamation was made as Mawson claimed the newly surveyed coast, Cape Denison and all the land between the coast and the pole for the British Empire as Jorj V Land. During the rest of the month Kashfiyot continued to work westward, prevented by heavy ice from approaching closer than around 100 miles from the coast. Most survey and photography work was carried out by aircraft while the shipboard team continued their oceanographic and biological work.

The aerial team relocated a coastline originally found by the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Ekspeditsiyasi in 1840 and renamed it and the newly surveyed land around it as the Banzare qirg'og'i. The work was still frequently interrupted by gales and storms, which brought many large icebergs and floes around the ship.

On 11 February both the weather and the seas cleared, allowing Kashfiyot to edge in to less than 10 miles from the coast, allowing surveying from the ship and inland flights by the aircraft. This land, entirely unknown before the BANZARE's arrival, was named Princess Elizabeth Land, which was claimed by means of the flag being dropped from the air. The Myurrey Monolit was discovered and claimed a few days later. By now the ship was back at the coast of Mac. Robertson Land which had been charted the previous year. Now conditions were right to send a party ashore to undertake another flag-planting ceremony.

On 18 February the coal bunkers had only 100 tons of fuel left, which both Mawson and MacKenzie had agreed would be the minimum for the ship's return voyage. Ertasiga; ertangi kun Kashfiyot sheltered in the lee of a large iceberg while the topgallant yards were rigged to ready the ship for the ocean crossing. The early days of the northward journey were in the teeth of another furious gale. With only two sails carried on the foremast Kashfiyot still averaged 8.5 knots (15.7 km/h) over 24 hours, in seas with waves over 100 feet (35 metres) high and with crests 1300 feet (400 metres) apart.

In his diary recording these days MacKenzie called Kashfiyot "my wonderful little ship". The weather eased after three days and Kashfiyot arrived back at Hobart on 19 March 1931, having covered 10,557 miles (17,000 km) since she left.

The ship and most of her crew still had to return to Britain. She did so via the traditional qaychi marshruti orqali Burun burni, which was rounded on 1 June. She arrived back at her usual berth in London's Sharqiy Hindiston dock on 1 August 1931, exactly two years after her departure.

Boy Scouts/Sea Cadet Corps

Having returned to Britain, Kashfiyot research days were now over. As well as the RRS Uilyam Skorbi; the British government also had a brand new steamship available for research work. The RRS Discovery II had been launched in 1929, partially to tide over the Discovery Committee (still continuing the whale and ocean research started in 1923 – the Kashfiyot bo'yicha tergovlar would not conclude until 1951) while the original Kashfiyot was undertaking the BANZARE but also in recognition of the original ship's age.

She had now had thirty years of hard work in some of the most punishing seas in the world. Her limitations, not being originally designed for open-ocean research work, were clear – despite improvements she was still slow, ponderous and notoriously prone to rolling. As both Davis and MacKenzie found, it was increasingly difficult to find crew with sufficient experience to man traditional sailing vessels and when used purely as a steamship Kashfiyot lacked the engine power and bunker capacity for the work required.

In the years following her return from Australia Kashfiyot was laid-up and offered for charter. Several proposed expeditions were either offered to the ship (often at little or no charge) or expressed interest in using her, but none came to fruition. Either the proposed expedition failed to raise the required funds in the years of the Katta depressiya or the organisers felt that Kashfiyot was unsuitable for their purpose.

The Crown agentlari, the statutory corporation which was the ship's ultimate legal owner, made moves to sell or dispose of the ship in 1935. Two members of the Discovery Committee worked to find a means to ensure the ship's survival and recognition of her national importance. The solution was found in 1936 when she was presented to the Skautlar uyushmasi as a static training ship uchun Dengiz skautlari yilda London.^[8] She was kept at a mooring in the centre of London on the Viktoriya qirg'og'i yaqin Vestminster ko'prigi.

Davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi Kashfiyot served as the headquarters and ombor kemasi for the River Emergency Service, a network of birinchi yordam stations and 'floating ambulances' using requisitioned pleasure craft. 1941 yilda a barajli balon broke its moorings and became entangled in the ship's main course yardarm. When the balloon was cut free it was found that the yard was rotten and all the yards and spars were removed.^[5] In 1943 her boilers and machinery were removed.

Previously it was thought these had been scrapped to provide material for the war effort, but in 2016 a 1943 advert by a salvage firm was found offering the entire contents of the engine room for sale as a single lot, suggesting the equipment was removed for reuse although its ultimate fate is unknown.^[9]

To maintain the ship's trim and stability with the loss of her machinery the bilges and shaft tunnel were filled with balast in the form of small rocks (shingle). The former engine space became a mess hall and the boiler room and coal bunkers became a classroom. Davomida Britaniya festivali in the summer of 1951 (held at Janubiy bank daryoning narigi tomonida Kashfiyot mooring), the ship hosted an exhibition on Antarktida and the history of its exploration. This required opening much of the existing crew quarters as public exhibition space and the former water tanks were removed and replaced with new crew quarters.^[5]

In the 1950s the ageing ship proved too costly for the Scout Association to maintain and she was transferred to the Admiralty in 1954 and formally commissioned as HMS Kashfiyot for use as a drill ship for the Qirollik floti ko'ngillilari qo'riqxonasi va Qirollik dengiz kuchlarining yordamchi xizmati, and also as a training ship for the Westminster Sea Cadet Corps.

The RN carried out another refitting which saw virtually all the remaining accommodation and fittings from the ship's original 1900 build and the 1923 Vospers rebuild removed or remodelled.^[5] In 1960, following reforms to the reserve forces, HMS Kashfiyot became part of the newly unified Qirollik dengiz qo'riqxonasi and was the flagship of the Admiral qo'mondonligi, zaxira, thus becoming one of only two sailing ships to fly the Oq Ensign va an Admiral's flag during the 20th century along with HMSG'alaba.

The Navy maintained the ship but this was rarely in a manner primarily concerned with retaining her historical fabric or her integrity as a sailing vessel, and as the wooden ship passed her 70th birthday (and 40 years moored in the Thames without dry-docking) her condition deteriorated. When no longer of use to the Navy, she was in danger of being scrapped.

The Maritime Trust, into whose care she passed in 1979, saved her from the breaker's yard. Her future secured, she was berthed first on the Temza daryosi ning yonida HMSChrysanthemum va HMSPrezident va keyinroq Sent-Katarin doklari. During this time, she remained the home and training ship of the Westminster Sea Cadet Corps. Despite significant superficial deterioration and some rotten timbers in her outer and upper hull, Kashfiyot was found to be sound below the waterline and structurally solid.

She reverted to the Royal Research Ship (RRS) designation and was open to the public as a museum. The Sea Cadets unit eventually relocated to onshore premises in Pimlico situated in the converted basement of a local council estate. The Maritime Trust spent some £500,000 on essential restoration until she was passed into the ownership of the Dandi merosiga ishonish 1985 yilda.

Transportation from London to Dundee

RRS Kashfiyot bortda Happy Mariner about to pass eastwards through the open Tower Bridge

On 28 March 1986, Kashfiyot left London aboard the semi-submersible docklift ship Happy Mariner to make her journey home to the Scottish city that had built her. She arrived at Victoria dock on the River Tay on 3 April^[5][10] – the first time she had been back to Dundee since her construction.

Discovery Point, Dundee

RRS Kashfiyot, in Dundee in 2009.

Placed in a custom-built dock in 1992, Kashfiyot is now the centrepiece of Dundee's visitor attraction Discovery Point.

She is displayed in a configuration as near as possible to her 1923 state, when she was refitted in the Vosper yard at Portsmouth. She is listed as part of the Milliy tarixiy flot. Discovery Point is a fully accredited museum and has won numerous national awards,^[11] as well as being a 5-star rated tourist attraction with Shotlandiyaga tashrif buyuring. 2008 yilda, Kashfiyot and the associated polar collections were named as a Recognised Collection of National Significance.

Since the 1990s, the Discovery Point museum has concentrated on interpreting the vessel on all of her voyages, with personal items from the ship's crew as well as information on her scientific activities. Items range from the games played by the crew on her first expedition to examples of sea fauna. Star objects on display include Captain Scott's rifle and pipe.

Kashfiyot three main voyages, the Milliy Antarktida ekspeditsiyasi (1901–1904), the Discovery Oceanographic Expedition (1925–1927) and the BANZARE ekspeditsiyasi (1929–31), are all explored in the museum through film and photographic evidence with artefacts from each era represented. The museum also holds other pieces from Scott's subsequent Terra Nova expedition and Shackleton's Chidamlilik ekspeditsiya.

The ship also features on the tepalik ning gerb ning Britaniya Antarktika hududi.^[12]

Subsequent ships

There have been three subsequent royal research ships named Kashfiyot, RRS Kashfiyot II (1929) and the third-named RRS Kashfiyot (1962). A fourth ship is the current RRS Kashfiyot, which was built in 2013.^[13][14]

Kosmik kemasi Discovery One yilda Artur C. Klark 1968 yilgi roman 2001 yil: "Kosmik odisseya" was named by Clarke after RRS Kashfiyot; Clarke used to eat his lunch aboard her, as she was moored near the office where he worked in London.

The Space Shuttle Kashfiyot is named for RRS Kashfiyot.^[15]

Shuningdek qarang

Qahramonlik davridagi Antarktida qidiruv kemalarining ro'yxati, 1897–1922.

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari RRS Kashfiyot Vikimedia Commons-da
• Discovery Point Antarctic Museum

Koordinatalar: 56 ° 27′25 ″ N. 2 ° 58′0 ″ V / 56.45694°N 2.96667°W / 56.45694; -2.96667