Buddist kosmologiya - Buddhist cosmology

Ushbu maqolada bir nechta muammolar mavjud. Iltimos yordam bering uni yaxshilang yoki ushbu masalalarni muhokama qiling munozara sahifasi. (Ushbu shablon xabarlarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Ushbu maqola tanqidsiz foydalanadi din yoki e'tiqod tizimidagi matnlar murojaat qilmasdan ikkilamchi manbalar ularni tanqidiy tahlil qiladigan. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang ga havolalar qo'shish orqali ishonchli ikkilamchi manbalar, bir nechta nuqtai nazar bilan. (2013 yil dekabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Ushbu maqola bo'lishi kerak bo'lishi mumkin qayta yozilgan Vikipediyaga mos kelish sifat standartlari. Siz yordam bera olasiz. The munozara sahifasi takliflar bo'lishi mumkin. (Avgust 2020) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

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Wat Arun Pagodalar Buddist kosmologiyani simulyatsiya qilish uchun qurilgan va joylashgan

Buddist kosmologiya ning shakli va evolyutsiyasining tavsifidir Koinot ga ko'ra Buddist oyatlar va sharhlar.

U vaqtinchalik va fazoviy kosmologiyadan iborat: vaqtinchalik kosmologiya - bu "dunyo" mavjudligini to'rtta alohida momentga bo'lish (yaratilish, davomiylik, eritma va erigan holat); bu kanonik bo'linish emas, ammo). Mekansal kosmologiya vertikal kosmologiyadan, mavjudotlarning turli tekisliklari, ularning tanalari, xususiyatlari, oziq-ovqat, umr ko'rish davri, go'zallik va gorizontal kosmologiyadan iborat bo'lib, ushbu dunyo tizimlarining "ko'rinishda" cheksiz "olamlar" varag'iga taqsimlanishidan iborat. Dunyo davrlari (lahzalar, qalpalar) mavjudligini Budda yaxshi tasdiqlaydi.^[1][2]

Tarixiy Budda (Gautama Budda aeonlarning mavjudligiga ishora qildi (uning davomiyligi u har asrda bir marta ipak mato bilan tarash orqali 1x1x1 mil o'lchamdagi ulkan toshni yemirishga sarf qilingan vaqt metaforasidan foydalangan holda),^[3] va bir vaqtning o'zida o'tmishdagi voqealar haqidagi bilimlarini yaxshilaydi, masalan, odamlarning shafqatsiz va jinsga bo'lingan shakllarida paydo bo'lishi;^[4] ma'lum bir vaqt ichida bir nechta quyosh borligi,^[5] va uning ovozini uzoq masofalarga etkazish qobiliyati,^[6] shuningdek, shogirdlarining (agar ular shunga mos keladigan bo'lsa) ushbu samolyotlarning birortasida qayta tug'ilish qobiliyati (agar xohlasa).^[7]

Kirish

O'zining izchil buddist kosmologiyasi, bu sharhlarda va asarlarda keltirilgan Abhidxarma ikkalasida ham Theravada va Mahayana urf-odatlar, buddistda topilgan kosmologik sharhlarni tahlil qilish va yarashtirishning yakuniy mahsulotidir sūtra va vinaya urf-odatlar. Hech bir sūtra koinotning butun tuzilishini belgilamaydi, lekin bir nechta stralarda Budda boshqa olam va mavjudot holatlarini tasvirlaydi, boshqa sūtralar esa koinotning kelib chiqishi va yo'q qilinishini tasvirlaydi. Ushbu ma'lumotlarning yagona keng qamrovli tizimga sintezi buddizm tarixining boshlarida sodir bo'lgan bo'lishi kerak, chunki Pali Vibhajyavoda an'anaviy (bugungi Teravadinlar tomonidan taqdim etilgan) nomenklaturaning ba'zi bir oz mos kelmasligiga qaramay, Sarvastivada Maxayana buddistlari tomonidan saqlanib kelinayotgan an'ana.^[8]

Buddist kosmologik tavsiflarda keltirilgan dunyoning rasmini so'zma-so'z ta'rifi sifatida qabul qilib bo'lmaydi. koinot. Qadimgi Hindistonda allaqachon ma'lum bo'lgan astronomik ma'lumotlar bilan mos kelmaydi va izchil bo'lishi mumkin emas. Biroq, bu oddiy odamlar o'z dunyosini qanday qabul qilishlarini tasvirlash uchun mo'ljallanmagan;^[8] aksincha, bu koinotdir divyacakṣus दिव्यचक्षुः (Pāli: dibbacakkhu दिब्बचक्खु), "ilohiy ko'z" Budda yoki an arhat ushbu fakultetni rivojlantirgan kishi boshqa olamlarni va ular ichida paydo bo'lgan (tug'ilayotgan) va vafot etayotgan (o'layotgan) mavjudotlarni anglay oladi va qanday holatdan bo'lganligini ayta oladi. qayta tug'ilgan va ular qanday holatda qayta tug'ilishadi. Shuningdek, kosmologiya ramziy yoki allegorik ma'noda talqin qilingan (Mahayana ta'limotiga qarang O'nta ruhiy sohalar ).

Buddaviy kosmologiyani o'zaro bog'liq ikki turga bo'lish mumkin: koinot doirasidagi turli olamlarning joylashishini tavsiflovchi fazoviy kosmologiya; va bu olamlarning qanday paydo bo'lishini va ular qanday o'tib ketishini tasvirlaydigan vaqtinchalik kosmologiya.

Fazoviy kosmologiya

Mekansal kosmologiya olamga singan turli xil olamlarni aks ettiradi. Fazoviy kosmologiyani ham ikkita tarmoqqa bo'lish mumkin. The vertikal (yoki kakravaya; Devanagari: aniq) kosmologiya olamlarning vertikal shaklda joylashishini tasvirlaydi, ba'zilari balandroq, ba'zilari pastroq. Aksincha, gorizontal (sahasra) kosmologiyasi ushbu vertikal olamlarning minglab, millionlab yoki milliardlik to'plamlarga guruhlanishini tavsiflaydi.

Vertikal kosmologiya

"Vertikal kosmologiyada koinot ko'plab olamlarda mavjud (lokāḥ; Devanagari: लोकाः) - kimdir "samolyotlar / sohalar" deyishi mumkin - bir-birining ustiga qatlam bo'lib joylashtirilgan. Har bir dunyo ruhiy holatga yoki mavjudlik holatiga mos keladi ".^[9] Ammo dunyo bu makon emas, balki uni yaratadigan mavjudotlardir; bu ularni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi karma agar dunyodagi mavjudotlar hammasi o'lib yoki yo'q bo'lib ketsa, dunyo ham yo'q bo'lib ketadi. Xuddi shunday, dunyo birinchi borliq tug'ilganda dunyo paydo bo'ladi. Jismoniy ajralish ruhiy holatdagi farq kabi muhim emas; odamlar va hayvonlar, garchi ular qisman bir xil fizik muhitga ega bo'lsalar ham, baribir turli olamlarga tegishli, chunki ularning onglari bu muhitlarni turlicha qabul qiladi va ularga munosabat bildiradi.

Vertikal kosmologiya mavjudotning o'ttiz bir tekisligiga va samolyotlar uchta sohaga bo'linadi, yoki dhatus, ularning har biri turli xil mentalitet turiga mos keladi. Ushbu uchta shohlik (Tridxatu) - Ārūpyadhatu (4 ta shohlik), Rūpadxatu (16 ta shohlik) va Kamadxatu (15 ta soha). Ba'zi hollarda, ūryadadu va Ripadxatda tug'ilgan barcha mavjudotlar norasmiy ravishda "xudolar" yoki "xudolar" deb tasniflanadi (devāḥ), Kamadxatu xudolari bilan birga, Kamadxatu xudolari Erpiyadxatu xudolaridan odamlarga qaraganda ko'proq farq qilishiga qaramay. Buni tushunish kerak deva odamlarga qaraganda uzoqroq umr ko'radigan va umuman ko'proq baxtli hayot kechiradigan har qanday mavjudotni nazarda tutadigan noaniq atama. Ularning aksariyati bu iboraning umumiy ma'nosida "xudolar" emas, ular inson dunyosi bilan umuman aloqasi yo'q yoki umuman yo'q va kamdan-kam hollarda ular bilan o'zaro aloqada bo'lishadi; faqat Kadamatoning eng past xudolari ko'pchilikda tasvirlangan xudolarga mos keladi ko'p xudojo'y dinlar.

Atama "brahma; Devanagari: .्रह्मा "ham nom, ham yuqori devalardan biri uchun umumiy atama sifatida ishlatiladi. Keng ma'noda u ĀrĀpyadhātu va Rūpadhatu aholisining har biriga murojaat qilishi mumkin. Cheklangan ma'nolarda u yashovchini anglatishi mumkin Ripadhotuning o'n bitta pastki dunyosidan biri yoki tor ma'noda Ripadxatning uchta eng past olamiga qadar (Brahma samolyotining yo'ldoshi) Ko'plab devalar "Brahma" nomini ishlatishadi, masalan, Brahma Sahampati बrहहtमम simlar, Brahma Sanatkumāra ह्रह्मा sतnतckुमariy, Baka Brahma बकब्रह्मा va boshqalar ularning qaysi dunyoga mansubligi har doim ham aniq emas, garchi u doim ham Radpadatu olamlaridan biri bo'lishi kerak bo'lsa. Ayakana Sutta fikriga ko'ra, Braxma Sahampati, Buddani yolvoradigan. dunyoga, Xudovad olamida yashaydi.

Buddist olamning diagramma tasviri

Formasiz Shohlik (ūrūpyadhātu आरूपधूपध)

The Ūrūpyadhātu (Sanskritcha ) yoki Arūpaloka (Pali ) (Tib: gzugs med pa'i khams; Xitoycha: 无色界 / 無色界;Jpn: 無色界 Mushiki-kai; Birma: အ အ ဗြဟ္ မာ ဘုံ;Tailandcha: อา รูป ย ธาตุ / อ รูป โลก; Devanagari: आरूप्यधातु / अरूपलोक) yoki "Formasiz shohlik" mutlaqo fizik kosmologiyada joy topmas edi, chunki unda yashovchi mavjudotlarning hech birining shakli ham, joylashuvi ham yo'q; va shunga muvofiq, shohlikning ham joylashuvi yo'q. Ushbu soha to'rtta shaklsiz yutilishlarga erishgan va qolgan devalarga tegishli (catuḥ-samāpatti चतुःसमापत्ति) ning aripadyanalar oldingi hayotda va endi mevalardan zavqlanmoqda (vipaka ) ushbu yutuqning yaxshi karmasi haqida. Bodxisattva ammo, ular arpadhyanalarga erishgan taqdirda ham, hech qachon ūrūpadxatuda tug'ilmaydi.

Arūpadhātu devosining to'rt xil aripadhyanalarga mos keladigan to'rt turi mavjud:

Arupa Bxumi (Arupachara Brahmalokas yoki Immaterial / Formasiz Brahma shohliklari)

• Naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana ैवैवैवंजञञनन or or or or or or or or or or yoki Nevasañānāsaññāyatana वेवसञ्ञानासञ्ञायतन (Tib: 'du shes med' du shes med min; Jpn: 非 有 想 非 無 想 処; Birma: နေဝ သညာ နာ သညာ ယ တ န; Tailandcha: เน ว ส ญฺ ญา นา ส ญฺ ญา ย ตน yoki ไน ว สํ ช ญา สํ ช ช ญา ย ตน ตน) "na idrok va na idrok sohasi". Ushbu sohada shaklsiz mavjudotlar faqat idrokni inkor etish chegarasidan chiqib, "idrok" bilan shug'ullanmaydigan liminal holatga erishdilar (saṃjñā, tafsilotlarni belgilariga ko'ra tan olish), ammo umuman behush emas. Bu Udraka Ramaputra (Pali: Uddaka Ramaputta), ikkinchisi Budda Buni ma'rifatga teng deb bilgan asl o'qituvchilar. Insoniyat yillarida ushbu sohada jami umr ko'rish davomiyligi - 84000 Maha Kalpa (Maha Kalpa = 4 Asankya Kalpa). Ushbu hudud 5,580,000 Yojanalar (1 Yojana = 16 Miles) Hech narsa samolyotidan (Ākiṃcanyāyatana) yuqorida joylashgan.
• Ṃkiṃcanyāyatana आकिंचन्यायतना yoki Ākiñcaññāyatana आकिञ्चञ्ञायतन (Tib: ci yang med; Xitoycha: 无 无 处 / 無 所有 處; Jpn: 無 所有 処 mu sho u sho; Birma: အာ ကိဉ္ စ ညာ ယ တ န; Tailandcha: อา กิ ญฺ จ ญฺ ญา ย ตน yoki อา กิํ จ นฺ ยาย ตน; Devanagari: /) "Hech narsa sohasi" (so'zma-so'z "hech narsaga etishmayapti"). Ushbu sohada shaklsiz mavjudotlar "hech narsa yo'q" degan fikrni o'ylashadi. Bu juda nozik bo'lsa-da, bu idrokning shakli deb hisoblanadi. Bu sohaga erishildi Ḍrāḍa Kaloma (Pali: Raāra Kalama), birinchisi Budda asl o'qituvchilar; u buni ma'rifatga teng deb bilgan. Insoniyat yillarida ushbu sohada jami hayot davomiyligi - 60,000 Maha Kalpa. Ushbu soha cheksiz ong (Vijñānānantyāyatana) samolyoti ustida 5,580,000 yojanas joylashtirilgan.
• Vijnānānantyāyatana िज्ञानानन्त्यायतन yoki Vínñāṇānañcāyatana विञ्ञाणानञ्चायतन yoki ko'proq odatda shartnoma shakli Vínñāṇañcāyatana (Tib: rnam shes mtha 'yas; Xitoycha: 识 无边 处 / 識 無邊 處; Jpn: 識 無 辺 処 shiki mu hen jo; Birma: ဝိ ညာ ဏဉ္ စာ ယ တ န; Tailandcha: วิ วิ ญา ณา น ญฺ จา ย ตน yoki วิ ช ญา นาน นฺ ต ต ยาย ตน ตน) "Cheksiz ong sohasi". Ushbu sohada shaklsiz mavjudotlar o'zlarining onglari ustida mulohaza yuritadilar (vijona ) nihoyatda keng tarqalgan. Insoniyat yillarida ushbu sohada jami hayot davomiyligi - 40,000 Maha Kalpa. Ushbu hudud cheksiz fazo samolyotidan (Ākāśānantyāyatana) 5,580,000 yojanas joylashtirilgan.
• Śkāśānantyāyatana काकाशनन्त्यायतन yoki Ākāsānañcāyatana ाआााााञ Tib Tib (Tib: nam mkha 'mtha' yas; Xitoycha: 空 空 处 / 空 無邊 處; Jpn: 空無 辺 処 kū mu hen jo; Birma: အာကာ သာ နဉ္ စာ ယ တ န; Tailandcha: อา อา สาน ญฺ จา ย ตน yoki อา กา ศา น นฺ ต ยาย ยาย ตน ตน) "Cheksiz makon sohasi". Ushbu sohada shaklsiz mavjudotlar kosmos yoki kengayish (aqāśa) ustida mulohaza yuritib, cheksiz keng tarqalgan. Insoniyat yillarida ushbu sohada jami hayot davomiyligi - 20000 Maha Kalpa. Ushbu soha Akanita Brahma Loka - sof turar joylarning eng yuqori tekisligi ustida 5,580,000 yojanalar joylashgan.

Shakl doirasi (Ripadxatu)

Ripadxatu riyah (Pali: Rūpaloka rूपलोक; Tib: gzugs kyi xhams; Xitoycha: 色 界; Jpn: 色 界 Shiki-kai; Birma: ရူပ ဗြဟ္ မာ ဘုံ; Tailandcha: รูป โลก / รูป ธาตุ) yoki "Shakl doirasi", nomidan ko'rinib turibdiki, jismoniy sohalarning birinchisi; uning aholisi hammasi bir xil joyga va tanaga ega, ammo bu tanalar o'zlari Kadmadu aholisi uchun ko'rinmaydigan nozik bir moddadan iborat. Janavasabha Suttaning so'zlariga ko'ra, brahma (Rpadxatuning Braxma dunyosidan bo'lgan mavjudot) devaning devosiga tashrif buyurishni xohlaganda. Trayastriṃśa osmon (Kadhattuda), ularga ko'rinib turishi uchun "grosser form" ni qabul qilishi kerak. Buddizm matnlarida 17–22 ta Ripadxatu bor, eng keng tarqalgan so'z - 18 ta.^[10]

Shakl olamidagi mavjudotlar, rohat va azobning haddan tashqari ta'siriga duchor bo'lmaydilar yoki Kamadxotu mavjudotlari singari hissiyotlarga yoqadigan narsalar istagi bilan boshqarilmaydi. Form sohalari mavjudotlarining tanalarida jinsiy farqlar mavjud emas.

Rūpadxatu mavjudotlari singari, Rpadxatuda yashovchilar ham aqlga ega dinalar (Pali: jhānas). Ularning holatlarida bu to'rtta pastki diya yoki ripadyanalar (rुपधpुपधयnān). Biroq, Ripadxatu mavjudotlarini ushbu to'rtta dinaga mos keladigan to'rtta keng darajaga bo'lish mumkin bo'lsa-da, ularning har biri keyingi sinflarga bo'linadi, to'rtta dinoning har biri uchun uchtadan va Xudvdava devalari uchun beshta, jami o'n etti sinf uchun (Theravada an'anasi eng yuqori dhyanada jami o'n oltita bitta kam ballni hisoblaydi).

Jismoniy jihatdan Radpadhatu bir-birining ustiga joylashtirilgan bir qator samolyotlardan iborat bo'lib, ularning har biri ketma-ket qadamlar qatorida oldingisiga tushgan sari yarimi kattaligida. Qisman, bu devalar ham yuqori tekisliklarda jismonan kattaroq deb o'ylanganligini aks ettiradi. Bo'limda aytib o'tilganidek, eng baland samolyotlar pastroq bo'lganlarga qaraganda kengroqdir Sahasra kosmologiyasi. Ushbu tekisliklarning balandligi quyidagicha ifodalanadi yojanas, juda noaniq uzunlikdagi o'lchov, lekin ba'zida erkakning balandligidan taxminan 4000 marta kattaroq va shuning uchun taxminan 4,54 milya (7,31 km).

Sof turar joylar

Zudhvāsa शुदstधववbas (Pali: Suddhāvasa sुदpुदाववस; Tib: gnas gtsang ma; Xitoycha: 净 居 天 / 凈 居 天; Tailandcha: สุ ทฺ ธา ว สฺ สฺ ส ภูมิ) dunyolar yoki "Sof turar joylar "," Rpadxatu "ning boshqa olamlaridan ajralib turadi, chunki ular u erda oddiy qadr-qimmat yoki meditatsion yutuqlar orqali tug'ilgan odamlarni emas, balki faqat Anagaminlar ("Qaytib kelmaydiganlar") allaqachon yo'lda Arhat - hayot va kim to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Xudovad olamidan ma'rifatni pastki tekislikda qayta tug'ilmasdan oladi. Shuning uchun har qanday Yudhavava devasi buddizmning himoyachisidir. (Braxma Sahampati yangi ma'rifatli Buddani o'qitishni so'rab murojaat qilgan, oldingi Budda ostida Anagami bo'lgan^[11]). Zudhavava devasi hech qachon Xudovad olamlari tashqarisida qayta tug'ilmaydi, yo'q Bodhisattva kabi har doim bu dunyolarda tug'iladi Bodhisattva oxir-oqibat inson sifatida qayta tug'ilishi kerak.

Ushbu devlar faqat Buddaning ta'limoti tufayli pastki tekisliklardan ko'tarilganliklari sababli, agar Budda paydo bo'lmasa, ular juda uzoq vaqt davomida bo'sh qolishlari mumkin. Biroq, quyi olamlardan farqli o'laroq, Xudovad olamlari hech qachon tabiiy ofat bilan yo'q qilinmaydi. Sudxavasa devalari Buddaning kelishini bashorat qilmoqdalar va Braxminlar qiyofasini olib, odamlarga Buddani tanib olish mumkin bo'lgan belgilarni ochib berishdi. Shuningdek, ular Bodhisattvaning so'nggi hayotida uning voz kechishiga olib keladigan to'rtta belgini ko'rishini ta'minlaydi.

Sudhavasaning beshta olami:

• Akaniṣṭha अकनिष्ठ yoki Akaniṭṭha अकनिठ्ठ (Tailandcha: นิ นิ ฏฺ ฏฺ yoki อ กนิษฐา) - devas dunyosi "darajasiga teng" (so'zma-so'z: hech kimning eng yoshi yo'q). Barcha Ripadxatu olamlarining eng balandi, ko'pincha koinotning eng yuqori darajasiga murojaat qilish uchun ishlatiladi. Joriy Raakra oxir-oqibat u erda tug'iladi. Hayotning davomiyligi Akaniṣṭha 16000 qalpadan iborat (Vibhajyavoda an'anasi). Mahesvara (Shiva ) ning uchta sohasining hukmdori samsara bu erda yashashi aytilmoqda.^[12] Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 167 772 160 yojanaga teng (Saturnning Yerdan masofasi).^[13]
• Sudarśana Ister yoki Sudassī ुदुदुद्् (Tayland tilida: สุ ทั ส สี สุ สุ ทา รฺ ศฺ น) - "ravshan ko'rinadigan" devalar dunyoga o'xshash va do'stona dunyoda yashaydilar. Akaniṣṭha dunyo. Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 83,886,080 yojanaga teng (taxminan Yupiterning Yerdan masofasi).
• Sudṛśa Sुदृशुदृश yoki Sudassa ुदुदुद्् Thai (Tailandcha: สุ ทั ส สา สา สุ สุ ทร ร ศา) - "go'zal" devalar dunyosi besh turdagi anagaminlar uchun qayta tug'ilish joyi deb aytilgan. Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 41.943.040 yojanaga teng.
• Atapa अतप yoki Atappa अतप्प (Tailandcha: อ ตั ป ปา yoki อ ต ปา) - quyi sohalardagilar shirkati istagan "notinch" devalar dunyosi. Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 20,971,520 yojanaga teng (Quyoshning Yerdan masofasi).
• Avaxa अवृह yoki Aviha अविह (Tailand: อ อ วิ หา yoki อ วร ร ร ร) - "yiqilmaslik" devalari dunyosi, ehtimol qayta tug'ilgan anagaminlar uchun eng keng tarqalgan manzil. Ko'pchilik to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bu dunyoda arhatlikka erishmoqdalar, ammo ba'zilari vafot etadilar va sof makonlarning ketma-ket yuqori olamlarida qayta tug'ilishlariga qadar qayta tug'ilishadi. Akaniṣṭha dunyo. Ular Pali tilida deyiladi uddhaṃsotas, "oqimi yuqoriga ko'tarilganlar". Hayotning davomiyligi Avaxa 1000 qalpadan iborat (Vibhajyavoda an'anasi). Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 10 485 760 yojanaga teng (Marsning Yerdan masofasi).

Bhatafala olamlari

Devlarning ruhiy holati Bhatfala olamlar (Chn: 四禅 九天 / 四禪 九天; Jpn: 四禅 九天; Tayland tili: เว ห ปฺ ป ผลา ผลา) to'rtinchi dinaga to'g'ri keladi va tenglik bilan tavsiflanadi (upekṣā ). The Bhatfala olamlar mahaqqalaning oxirida shamol tomonidan koinotning yo'q qilinishining yuqori chegarasini tashkil etadi (qarang) Vaqtinchalik kosmologiya quyida), ya'ni ular bunday halokatdan qutulishadi.

• Asañasatta सञ्ञसत्त (sanskritcha: Asajjasattva संज्ञसत्त्व; Tailandcha: อ สั สั ญ สั ตฺ ตา ตา อ สํ ช ญ ส ตฺ ตฺ วา) (faqat Vibhajyavoda an'anasi) - "Ongsiz mavjudotlar", yuqori dinaga erishgan devalar (Formasiz olamnikiga o'xshash) va xohlagan holda idrok etish xavfidan saqlaning, idrok etmaslik holatiga erishdingiz, unda ular bir muddat sabr qiladilar. Biroq, bir muncha vaqt o'tgach, idrok yana paydo bo'ladi va ular pastki holatga tushadi.
• Bhatfala बृहत्फल yoki Vehapphala फलेहप्फल (Tib: 'bras bu che; Tayland tili: เว หั ป ป ผลา yoki พ รฺ ห ตฺ ผลา) - Devas "ajoyib mevalarga ega". Ularning umri 500 mahaqqaladan iborat. (Vibhajyavoda an'anasi). Biroz Anagaminlar bu erda qayta tug'ilganlar. Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 5,242,880 yojanas. (Venera Yerdan taxminan masofa)
• Puṇyaprasava यप्यप्रसव (faqat Sarvāstivāda an'anasi; Tib: bsod nomlari osmonlari; Tayland tili: ป ณฺ ย ป รัส รัส วา) - "xizmatning avlodlari" bo'lgan devlar dunyosi. Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 2,621,440 yojanaga teng.
• Anabhraka भनभ्रक (faqat Sarvāstivāda an'analari; Tib: sprin med; Tailandcha อน ภ ร๎ กา กา) - "bulutsiz" devalar dunyosi. Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 1310720 yojanaga teng.

Ububaktsna olamlar

Devlarning ruhiy holati Ububaktsna olamlar (Chn / Jpn: 三禅 三天; Devanagari: kkृतstyus; Taylandcha: ศุภ ก ฤ ตฺ ส นา นา) uchinchi dyanaga mos keladi va tinch xursandchilik bilan ajralib turadi (suxa ). Ushbu devalarda doimiy nur sochadigan jismlar mavjud. The Ububaktsna olamlar mahaqqalaning oxirida koinotni suv bilan yo'q qilishning yuqori chegarasini tashkil etadi (qarang) Vaqtinchalik kosmologiya quyida), ya'ni suv toshqini ularga etib boradigan darajada ko'tarilmaydi.

• Ububaktsna कृत्स्न yoki Subhakiṇṇa / Subhakiṇha ुभुभुभणणणणण Tibुभ Tib Tib (Tib: dge rgyas; Tayland tili: สุภ กิ ณ หา yoki ศุภ ก ฤ ตฺ ส นา นา) - "jami go'zallik" devalari dunyosi. Ularning umr ko'rishlari Vibhajyavoda an'anasiga ko'ra 64 mahakalpadan iborat (ba'zi manbalar: 4 mahalkala). 64 mahākalpas - bu koinotning shamol tomonidan buzilishi orasidagi interval, shu jumladan Ububaktsna olamlar. Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 655 360 yojanaga teng.
• Apramāṇaśubha णशुभ्रमाणशुभ yoki Appamāṇasubha Qasos (Tib: tshad med dge; Tailandcha: อัป อัป ป ณ สุภา yoki อัป ร มา ณ ศุ ภา ภา) - "cheksiz go'zallik" devalari dunyosi. Ularning umr ko'rish vaqti 32 mahakalpadan iborat (Vibhajyavoda an'anasi). Ularda "iymon, fazilat, ilm, munislik va donolik" mavjud. Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 327,680 yojanaga teng.
• Parīttaśubha परीत्तशुभ yoki Parittasubha Kirib (Tib: dge chung; Tailandcha: ปริ ปริ ต สุภา yoki ป รี ตฺ ต ศุ ภา ภา) - "cheklangan go'zallik" devalari dunyosi. Ularning umr ko'rish vaqti 16 mahaqqaladan iborat. Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 163,840 yojanaga teng.

Hbhāsvara olamlari

Devlarning ruhiy holati Bxasvara Bashariyat olamlari (Chn / Jpn: 二禅 三天; Thai: อา ภั ส ส ส ภูมิ / อาภา สว รา ธาตุ ธาตุ) ikkinchi dyanaga mos keladi va zavqlanish bilan ajralib turadi (prīti ) va shuningdek quvonch (suxa ); hbhāsvara devoslari quvonchlaridan yig'lab baland ovozda baqirishlari aytiladi aho suxam! ("Oh quvonch!"). Ushbu devalarda chaqmoq kabi miltillovchi yorug'lik nurlari chiqaradigan tanalar mavjud. Ularning tanalari o'xshash (bir-biriga), ammo turli xil idroklarga ega deyiladi.

Hbhāsvara olamlari mahaqqalaning oxirida koinotni olov bilan yo'q qilishning yuqori chegarasini tashkil etadi (qarang. Vaqtinchalik kosmologiya pastda), ya'ni olov ustuni ularga etib boradigan darajada ko'tarilmaydi. Dunyo vayron bo'lgandan so'ng, vivartakalpaning boshida, olamlarga birinchi navbatda Ibhasvara olamlaridan qayta tug'ilgan jonzotlar joylashadilar.

• Bxasvara Orास्वर yoki Bhassara ' ्स्सर (Tib: 'od gsal; Tailandcha: อา อา ภั ส รา yoki อาภา สว รา) - devas dunyosi "ulug'vorlikka ega". Ibhasvara devosining umr ko'rish muddati 8 ta mahaqqaladan iborat (boshqalari: 2 ta mahakalpa). Sakkizta mahākalpa - bu olamning suv bilan vayron bo'lishi orasidagi interval, bu Abhasvara olamlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 81,920 yojanaga teng.
• Apramābābha .्रमाणाभ yoki Appamāṇābha ्पमाणाभ (Tib: tshad med 'od; Tailandcha: อัป อัป มา ณา ภา yoki อัป ร มา ณา ภา ณา) - "cheksiz yorug'lik" devalari dunyosi, ular haqida mulohaza yuritadigan tushuncha. Ularning umr ko'rish muddati 4 mahaqqaladan iborat. Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 40,960 yojanaga teng.
• Parittabha रीत्ताभ yoki Parittabha तरित्ताभ (Tib: 'od chung; Tailandcha: ปริ ปริ ตา ภา yoki ป รี ต ตา ภา ภา) - "cheklangan yorug'lik" devalari dunyosi. Ularning umri 2 mahaqqaladan iborat. Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 20.480 yojanaga teng.

Braxma olamlari

Braxma olamlari devosining ruhiy holati (Chn / Jpn: 初禅 三天; Thai: พรหม ภูมิ) birinchi dinaga mos keladi va kuzatish bilan tavsiflanadi (vitarka ) va aks ettirish (Vikora ) shuningdek, zavqlanish (prīti ) va quvonch (suxa ). Braxma olamlari, koinotning boshqa quyi olamlari bilan birgalikda mahakkalaning oxirida olov bilan yo'q qilinadi (qarang Vaqtinchalik kosmologiya quyida).

• Mahabrahma बाब्रह्मा (Tib: tshangs pa chen po; Chn / Jpn: 大 梵天 Daibonten; Tailandcha: bāng thān yh) - "Buyuk Brahma" dunyosi, ko'pchilik uni dunyoni yaratuvchisi deb biladi va "Brahma, Great Brahma, Fathi, Fath qilinmagan, Hamma narsani Ko'ruvchi, Hammasi - Qudratli, Rabbimiz, Yaratuvchi va Yaratgan, Hukmdor, Belgilagan va Buyurtmachi, mavjud bo'lgan va bo'ladigan narsalarning otasi. " Braxmajala Sutta (DN.1) ga ko'ra, Mahabrahma - bu fazilatlari tugashi bilan quyi dunyoga tushib, Braxma dunyosida yolg'iz qayta tug'ilgan Ibhasvara olamidan bo'lgan mavjudot; o'zining oldingi mavjudligini unutib, o'zini sababsiz vujudga kelgan deb tasavvur qiladi. E'tibor bering, hatto mana shunday yuqori martabali xudo ham o'z dunyosidan yuqori olamlarni bilmaydi. Mahabrahma - 1¹⁄₂ uzun bo'yli yojanalar. Uning umri har xil ravishda 1 kalpa (Vibhajyavoda an'anasi) yoki 1 deb aytilgan¹⁄₂ uzoq vaqt qalpalar (Sarvāstivāda an'anasi), garchi u bundan ortiq bo'lmasligi mumkin bo'lsa³⁄₄ mahakalpaning, ya'ni bundan mustasno barcha mahaqqalaning Saṃvartasthāyikalpa, chunki bu pastki dunyoni tiklash va uni yo'q qilish o'rtasidagi umumiy vaqt. Bunday holda "kalpa" qaysi davrni nazarda tutishi aniq emas. Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 10240 yojanaga teng.
• Braxmapurohita ह्रह्मपुरोहित (Tib: tshangs 'khor; Tailandcha: พร หฺ ม ปุ ปุ โร หิ ตา ตา -) - "Braxma vazirlari" - bu Maxabrahmaga yolg'iz vaqt o'tkazgandan keyin unga sherik bo'lib tug'ilgan, Ibhasvara olamidan bo'lgan mavjudotlardir. Ular sheriklarga bo'lgan istak haqidagi fikridan keyin paydo bo'lganligi sababli, u o'zini ularni yaratuvchisi deb hisoblaydi va ular ham uni yaratuvchisi va xo'jayini deb hisoblashadi. Ular bo'yi 1 yojana va ularning umri har xil deyiladi¹⁄₂ kalpa (Vibhajyavada urf-odati) yoki butun kalpa (Sarvastivoda an'anasi). Agar ular keyinchalik pastki dunyoda qayta tug'ilsa va so'nggi mavjudotlarining bir qismini esga olsalar, ular ochilgan haqiqat sifatida yaratuvchi sifatida Braxma ta'limotini o'rgatadilar. Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 5,120 yojanaga teng.
• Braxmapariyadya ्रह्मपारिषद्य yoki Brahmaparisajja Tib्रह्मपारिसज्ज (Tib: tshangs ris; Tailandcha: พร พร หฺ ปริ สั ช ชา พร พร หฺ ม ปา ริ ริ ษั ต ยา ยา ยา) - "Brahma maslahatchilari" yoki "Brahma majlisiga mansub" devalar. Ular shuningdek chaqiriladi Braxakayika, ammo bu nom Braxma olamlarining har qanday aholisi uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Ular bo'yi yarim yojana va ularning umri har xil deyiladi¹⁄₃ kalpadan (Vibhajyavoda an'anasi) yoki¹⁄₂ kalpa (Sarvāstivāda an'anasi). Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 2560 yojanaga teng.

Desire Realm (Kāmadhātu kāमधमधतु)

Kāmadhātu kādमधida tug'ilganlar (Pali: Kāmaloka kāmaki; Tib: dod pa'i khams; Chn / Jpn: 欲界 Yoku-kai; Tailandcha: กาม ภูมิ) baxt darajasi bilan farq qiladi, ammo ularning barchasi bundan mustasno Anagamis, Arxatlar va Buddalar, hukmronligi ostida Mara va shahvoniy istak bilan bog'langan bo'lib, bu ularni azoblantiradi.

Osmonlar

Quyidagi to'rtta olam tog'ning tepasida havoda suzib yuradigan har biri 80000 yojanalar kvadratiga ega chegaralangan samolyotlardir. Sumeru. Devalar yashaydigan barcha olamlarni (ya'ni, Katurmaharajikakayika dunyosigacha va ba'zida Asuralarni o'z ichiga olgan olamlarni) ba'zan "osmon" deb atashsa ham, so'zning g'arbiy ma'nosida ushbu atama eng yaxshi quyida keltirilgan to'rtta olamga tegishli. :

• Parinirmita-vaśavartin परिनिर्मितवशवर्ती yoki Paranimmita-vasavatti नरनिम्मितवसवत्ति (Tib: gzhan 'phrul dbang byed; Chn / Jpn: 他 化 自在 天 Takejizai-o'n; Birma: ရ နိမ္ မိ တ ဝ သ ဝတ္ တီ; Tayland tili: ปร นิ ม มิต ว ส ตฺ ตฺ ติ yoki ปริ เนรมิต ว ศ วร ติ น น) - devas osmoni ("boshqalarning) ijodiga qodir". Ushbu devalar o'zlari uchun xohlagan yoqimli shakllarni yaratmaydilar, lekin ularning istaklari ularning foydasini istagan boshqa devoslarning harakatlari bilan amalga oshiriladi. Bu dunyoning hukmdori Vavavartin (Pali: Vasavatti) deb nomlanadi, u o'z dunyosining boshqa devoslariga qaraganda uzoqroq umr, katta go'zallik, ko'proq kuch va baxt va yoqimli his-tuyg'ularga ega. Bu dunyo, shuningdek, chaqirilgan devaputraning (ilohiy irqning borligi) uyidir Mara Hammadotu mavjudotlarini shahvoniy lazzatlar changalida ushlab turishga intiladigan. Merani ba'zan Vaavartin deb ham atashadi, ammo umuman olganda bu dunyoning bu ikki aholisi ajralib turadi. Ushbu dunyo mavjudotlari 4500 fut (1400 m) balandlikda va 9.216.000.000 yil yashaydi (Sarvastivada an'anasi). Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 1280 yojanaga teng.
• Nirmaxarati निर्माणरति yoki Nimmaratiy निम्माणरती (Tib: phrul dga; Chn: 化 乐天 / 化 樂天; Jpn: 化 楽 天 Keraku-o'n; Birma: နိမ္ မာ န ရ တိ; Tayland tili: นิมมาน รติ yoki นิรมาณ รติ) - devas dunyosi "o'z ijodlaridan zavqlantiradi". Bu dunyoning devalari o'zlarini rozi qilish uchun har qanday ko'rinishni yaratishga qodir. Bu dunyoning xo'jayini Sunirmita (Pali: Sunimmita); uning xotini - Visaxoning qayta tug'ilishi, ilgari boshliq upāsikās (ayol sadoqatli ayollar) Buddaning. Ushbu dunyodagi mavjudotlar 3.750 fut (1140 m) balandlikda va 2.304.000.000 yil yashaydi (Sarvastivada an'anasi). Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 640 yojanaga teng.
• Tuṣita तुषित yoki Tusita Szil (Tib: dga 'ldan; Chn / Jpn: 兜率 天 Tosotsu-o'n; Birma: တု သိ တာ; Thai: ดุสิต, ตุ ตุ ตา yoki ตุ ษิ ตา) - "quvnoq" devalar dunyosi. Bu dunyo Bodhisattva odamlar dunyosida qayta tug'ilishidan oldin yashaydigan dunyo ekanligi bilan mashhur. Bir necha ming yil avval bu dunyoning Bodxisattvasi Budda bo'ladigan Siddharta sifatida qayta tug'ilgan Zvetaketu (Pali: Setaketu) edi. Kyākyamuni; O'shandan buyon Bodhisattva Nata (yoki Natadeva) bo'lib, u Ajita sifatida qayta tug'ilib, Budda bo'ladi. Maydon (Pali Metteyya). Bu Bodhisattva aholining birinchi o'ringa ega bo'lsa-da Tuṣita, bu dunyoning hukmdori deb nomlangan yana bir deva Santusita (Pali: Santusita). Ushbu dunyodagi mavjudotlar 3000 fut (910 m) balandlikda va 576.000.000 yil yashaydi (Sarvastivada an'anasi). Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 320 yojanaga teng.
• Yama ययम (Tib: 'thab bral; Chn / Jpn: 夜摩天 Yama-o'n; Birma: ယာ မာ; Tayland tili: gh) - Ba'zan "janjalsiz jannat" deb nomlanadi, chunki bu er yuzidagi dunyoning g'alayonlaridan jismonan ajralib turadigan osmonlarning eng pastidir. Ushbu devlar barcha qiyinchiliklardan xoli holda havoda yashaydilar. Uning hukmdori deva Suyama; ba'zilarning fikriga ko'ra, uning rafiqasi Sirimaning qayta tug'ilishi, odobli Rajaxa Budda davrida rohiblarga saxiy bo'lgan kim. Bu dunyodagi mavjudotlar 2250 fut (690 m) balandlikda va 144.000.000 yil yashaydi (Sarvastivada an'anasi). Bu dunyoning balandligi Yerdan 160 yojanaga teng.

Sumeru olamlari

Sumeru Sुमéré (Sineru Sínnederु; Taylandcha: เขา พระสุเมรุ, สิเนรุ บรรพต) dunyo tog'lari - bu dunyo markazida paydo bo'lgan va Quyosh va Oy atrofida aylanib yuradigan ulkan, g'alati shakldagi cho'qqidir. Uning asosi ulkan okeanda joylashgan bo'lib, uni kichik tog 'tizmalari va okeanlarning bir nechta halqalari o'rab olgan. Quyida keltirilgan uchta dunyo Sumeru atrofida yoki atrofida joylashgan Trayastriṃśa devalar eng yuqori cho'qqisida, Katurmahārājikakāyika devalari uning yon bag'irlarida va Asuralar okeanda uning bazasida yashaydilar. Sumeru and its surrounding oceans and mountains are the home not just of these deities, but also vast assemblies of beings of popular mythology who only rarely intrude on the human world.

• Trayastriṃśa त्रायस्त्रिंश or Tavatiṃsa तावतिंस (Tib: sum cu rtsa gsum pa; Chn/Jpn: 忉利天/三十三天 Tōri-ten; တာဝတိံသာ; Thai: ดาวดึงส์, ไตรตรึงศ์, ตาวติํสา or ตฺรายสฺตฺริศ) – The world "of the Thirty-three (devas)" is a wide flat space on the top of Mount Sumeru, filled with the gardens and palaces of the devas. Its ruler is Śakro devānām indra, शक्रो देवानामिन्द्रः ”Śakra, lord of the devas". Besides the eponymous Thirty-three devas, many other devas and supernatural beings dwell here, including the attendants of the devas and many heavenly courtesans (es or nymphs). The beings of this world are 1,500 feet (460 m) tall and live for 36,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition) or 3/4 of a yojana tall and live for 30,000,000 years (Vibhajyavāda tradition). The height of this world is 80 yojanas above the Earth.
• Cāturmahārājikakāyika चातुर्महाराजिककायिक or Cātummahārājika चातुम्महाराजिक (Tib: rgyal chen bzhi; Chn:四天王天; Jpn: 四大王衆天 Shidaiōshu-ten; စတုမဟာရာဇ်; Thai: จาตุมฺมหาราชิกา or จาตุรมหาราชิกกายิกา) – The world "of the Four Great Kings" is found on the lower slopes of Mount Sumeru, though some of its inhabitants live in the air around the mountain. Its rulers are the four Great Kings of the name, Viroxaka विरूढकः, Dhṛtarāṣṭra धृतराष्ट्रः, Viripaka विरूपाक्षः, and their leader Vayravaṇa वैश्रवणः. The devas who guide the Sun and Moon are also considered part of this world, as are the retinues of the four kings, composed of Kumbhāṇḍas कुम्भाण्ड (dwarfs), Gandxarvas गन्धर्व (fairies), Nāgas नाग (dragons) and Yakṣas यक्ष (goblins). The beings of this world are 750 feet (230 m) tall and live for 9,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition) or 90,000 years (Vibhajyavāda tradition). The height of this world is from sea level up to 40 yojanas above the Earth.
• Asura असुर (Tib: lha ma yin; Chn/Jpn: 阿修羅 Ashura; Birma: အသူရာ; Thai: อสุรกาย) – The world of the Asuras is the space at the foot of Mount Sumeru, much of which is a deep ocean. It is not the Asuras' original home, but the place they found themselves after they were hurled, drunken, from Trayastriṃśa where they had formerly lived. The Asuras are always fighting to regain their lost kingdom on the top of Mount Sumeru, but are unable to break the guard of the Four Great Kings. The Asuras are divided into many groups, and have no single ruler, but among their leaders are Vemacitrin वेमचित्री (Pāli: Vepacitti वेपचित्ती) and Rāhu.

Earthly realms

• Manuṣyaloka मनुष्यलोक (Tib: mil; Chn/Jpn: 人 nin; Birma: မနုဿဘုံ; Thai: มนุสสภูมิ or มนุษยโลก) – This is the world of humans and human-like beings who live on the surface of the earth. The mountain-rings that engird Sumeru are surrounded by a vast ocean, which fills most of the world. The ocean is in turn surrounded by a circular mountain wall called Cakravāḍa चक्रवाड (Pāli: Cakkavāḷa चक्कवाळ ; Thai: จักรวาล or จกฺกวาฬ) which marks the horizontal limit of the world. In this ocean there are four continents which are, relatively speaking, small islands in it. Because of the immenseness of the ocean, they cannot be reached from each other by ordinary sailing vessels, although in the past, when the cakravartin kings ruled, communication between the continents was possible by means of the treasure called the cakraratna (Pāli cakkaratana’’’), which a cakravartin king and his retinue could use to fly through the air between the continents. The four continents are:
  • Jambudvīpa जम्वुद्वीप or Jambudīpa जम्बुदीप (Chn/Jpn: 閻浮提 Enbudai; Burmese; ဇမ္ဗုဒီပ; Thai: ชมพูทวีป) is located in the south and is the dwelling of ordinary human beings. It is said to be shaped "like a cart", or rather a blunt-nosed triangle with the point facing south. (This description probably echoes the shape of the coastline of southern India.) It is 10,000 yojanas in extent (Vibhajyavāda tradition) or has a perimeter of 6,000 yojanas (Sarvāstivāda tradition) to which can be added the southern coast of only 3.5 yojanas' length. The continent takes its name from a giant Jambu tree (Syzygium cumini ), 100 yojanas tall, which grows in the middle of the continent. Every continent has one of these giant trees. All Buddhas appear in Jambudvīpa. The people here are five to six feet tall and their length of life varies between 10 and about 10¹⁴⁰ years (Asankya Aayu).
  • Pervavideha पूर्वविदेह or Pubbavideha पुब्बविदेह (Burmese: ပုဗ္ဗဝိဒေဟ; Thai: ปุพพวิเทหทีป or บูรพวิเทหทวีป) is located in the east, and is shaped like a semicircle with the flat side pointing westward (i.e., towards Sumeru). It is 7,000 yojanas in extent (Vibhajyavāda tradition) or has a perimeter of 6,350 yojanas of which the flat side is 2,000 yojanas long (Sarvāstivāda tradition). Its tree is the akatsiya, yoki Albizia lebbeck (Sukhōthai tradition). The people here are about 12 feet (3.7 m) tall and they live for 700 years. Their main work is trading and buying materials.
  • Aparagodānīya अपरगोदानीय or Aparagoyāna अपरगोयान (Burnese: အပရဂေါယာန; Thai: อปรโคยานทวีป or อปรโคทานียทวีป) is located in the west, and is shaped like a circle with a circumference of about 7,500 yojanas (Sarvāstivāda tradition). The tree of this continent is a giant Kadamba tree (Antocephalus chinensis ). The human inhabitants of this continent do not live in houses but sleep on the ground. Their main transportation is Bokov aravasi. They are about 24 feet (7.3 m) tall and they live for 500 years.
  • Uttarakuru उत्तरकुरु (Burmese; ဥတ္တရကုရု; Thai: อุตรกุรุทวีป) is located in the north, and is shaped like a square. It has a perimeter of 8,000 yojanas, being 2,000 yojanas on each side. This continent's tree is called a kalpavṛkṣa कल्पवृक्ष (Pāli: kapparukkha कप्परुक्ख) or kalpa-tree, because it lasts for the entire kalpa. The inhabitants of Uttarakuru have cities built in the air. They are said to be extraordinarily wealthy, not needing to labor for a living – as their food grows by itself – and having no private property. They are about 48 feet (15 m) tall and live for 1,000 years, and they are under the protection of Vayravaṇa.
• Tiryagyoni-loka तिर्यग्योनिलोक or Tiracchāna-yoni तिरच्छानयोनि (Tib: dud 'gro; Chn/Jpn: 畜生 chikushō; Birma: တိရစ္ဆာန်ဘုံ; Thai: เดรัจฉานภูมิ or ติรยคฺโยนิโลก) – This world comprises all members of the animal kingdom that are capable of feeling suffering, regardless of size.
• Pretaloka प्रेतलोक or Petaloka पेतलोक (Tib: yi dwags; Birma: ပြိတ္တာ; Thai: เปรตภูมิ or เปตฺตโลก) – The pretas, or "hungry ghosts", are mostly dwellers on earth, though due to their mental state they perceive it very differently from humans. They live for the most part in deserts and wastelands.

Hells (Narakas)

Naraka नरक yoki Niraya निरय (Tib: dmyal ba; Burmese; င ရဲ; Thai: นรก) is the name given to one of the worlds of greatest suffering, usually translated into English as "hell" or "purgatory". As with the other realms, a being is born into one of these worlds as a result of his karma, and resides there for a finite length of time until his karma has achieved its full result, after which he will be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of an earlier karma that had not yet ripened. The mentality of a being in the hells corresponds to states of extreme fear and helpless anguish in humans.

Physically, Naraka is thought of as a series of layers extending below Jambudvīpa into the earth. There are several schemes for counting these Narakas and enumerating their torments. One of the more common is that of the Eight Cold Narakas and Eight Hot Narakas.

Cold Narakas

• Arbuda अर्बुद – the "blister" Naraka
• Nirarbuda निरर्बुद – the "burst blister" Naraka
• Ataṭa अतट – the Naraka of shivering
• Hahava हहव – the Naraka of lamentation
• Huhuva हुहुव – the Naraka of chattering teeth
• Utpala उत्पल – the Naraka of skin becoming blue as a blue lotus
• Padma पद्म – the Naraka of cracking skin
• Mahāpadma महापद्म – the Naraka of total frozen bodies falling apart

Each lifetime in these Narakas is twenty times the length of the one before it.

Hot Narakas

• Sañjīva सञ्जीव (Birmacha: သိဉ္ဇိုး ငရဲ; Thai: สัญชีวมหานรก) – the "reviving" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 162×10¹⁰ years long.
• Kālasūtra कालसूत्र (Birmacha: ကာဠသုတ် ငရဲ; Thai: กาฬสุตตมหานรก/กาลสูตร) – the "black thread" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 1296×10¹⁰ years long.
• Saṃghāta संघात (Birmacha: သင်္ဃာတ ငရဲ; Thai: สังฆาฏมหานรก or สํฆาต) – the "crushing" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 10,368×10¹⁰ years long.
• Raurava/Rīrava रौरव/रीरव (Birmacha: ရောရုဝ ငရဲ; Thai: โรรุวมหานรก) – the "screaming" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 82,944×10¹⁰ years long.
• Mahāraurava/Mahārīrava महारौरव/महारीरव (Birmacha: မဟာရောရုဝ ငရဲ; Thai: มหาโรรุวมหานรก) – the "great screaming" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 663,552×10¹⁰ years long.
• Tāpana/Tapana तापन/तपन (Birmacha: တာပန ငရဲ; Thai: ตาปนมหานรก) – the "heating" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 5,308,416×10¹⁰ years long.
• Mahātāpana महातापन (Birmacha: မဟာတာပန ငရဲ; Thai: มหาตาปนมหานรก) – the "great heating" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 42,467,328×10¹⁰ years long.
• Avīci अवीचि (Birmacha: အဝီစိ ငရဲ;Thai: อเวจีมหานรก/อวิจี) – the "uninterrupted" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 339,738,624×10¹⁰ years long.

Each lifetime in these Narakas is eight times the length of the one before it.

The foundations of the earth

All of the structures of the earth, Sumeru and the rest, extend downward to a depth of 80,000 yojanas below sea level – the same as the height of Sumeru above sea level. Below this is a layer of "golden earth", a substance compact and firm enough to support the weight of Sumeru. It is 320,000 yojanas in depth and so extends to 400,000 yojanas below sea level. The layer of golden earth in turn rests upon a layer of water, which is 8,000,000 yojanas in depth, going down to 8,400,000 yojanas below sea level. Below the layer of water is a "circle of wind", which is 16,000,000 yojanas in depth and also much broader in extent, supporting 1,000 different worlds upon it. Yojanas are equivalent to about 13 km (8 mi).

Sahasra cosmology

Sahasra means "one thousand". All of the planes, from the plane of neither perception nor non-perception (nevasanna-asanna-ayatana) down to the Avīci – the "without interval") niraya – constitutes the single world-system, cakkavāḷa (intimating something circular, a "wheel", but the etymology is uncertain^[14]), described above. In modern parlance it would be called a 'universe', or 'solar system'.

A collection of one thousand solar systems are called a "thousandfold minor world-system" (culanika lokadhatu). Or small chiliocosm.

A collection of 1,000 times 1,000 world-systems (one thousand squared) is a "thousandfold to the second power middling world-system" (dvisahassi majjhima lokadhatu). Or medium dichiliocosm.

The largest grouping, which consists of one thousand cubed world-systems, is called the "tisahassi mahasassi lokadhatu". Or great trichiliocosm.

The Tathagata, if he so wished, could effect his voice throughout a great trichiliocosm. He does so by suffusing the trichiliocosm with his radiance, at which point the inhabitants of those world-system will perceive this light, and then proceeds to extend his voice throughout that realm.^[15]

Maha Kalpa

The word kalpa, means 'moment'. A maha kalpa consists of four moments (kalpa), the first of which is creation. The creation moment consists of the creation of the "receptacle", and the descent of beings from higher realms into more coarse forms of existence. During the rest of the creation moment, the world is populated. Human beings who exist at this point have no limit on their lifespan. The second moment is the duration moment, the start of this moment is signified by the first sentient being to enter hell (niraya), the hells and nirayas not existing or being empty prior to this moment. The duration moment consists of twenty "intermediate" moments (antarakappas), which unfold in a drama of the human lifespan descending from 80,000 years to 10, and then back up to 80,000 again. The interval between 2 of these "intermediate" moments is the "seven day purge", in which a variety of humans will kill each other (not knowing or recognizing each other), some humans will go into hiding. At the end of this purge, they will emerge from hiding and repopulate the world. After this purge, the lifespan will increase to 80,000, reach its peak and descend, at which point the purge will happen again.

Within the duration 'moment', this purge and repeat cycle seems to happen around 18 times, the first "intermediate" moment consisting only of the descent from 80,000 – the second intermediate moment consisting of a rise and descent, and the last consisting only of an ascent.

After the duration 'moment' is the dissolution moment, the hells will gradually be emptied, as well as all coarser forms of existence. The beings will flock to the form realms (rupa dhatu), a destruction of fire occurs, sparing everything from the realms of the 'radiant' gods and above (abha deva).

After 7 of these destructions by 'fire', a destruction by water occurs, and everything from the realms of the 'pleasant' gods and above is spared (subha deva).

After 64 of these destructions by fire and water, that is – 56 destructions by fire, and 7 by water – a destruction by wind occurs, this eliminates everything below the realms of the 'fruitful' devas (vehapphala devas, literally of "great fruit"). The pure abodes (suddhavasa, meaning something like pure, unmixed, similar to the connotation of "pure bred German shepherd"), are never destroyed. Although without the appearance of a Buddha, these realms may remain empty for a long time. The inhabitants of these realms have exceedingly long life spans.

The formless realms are never destroyed because they do not consist of form (rupa). The reason the world is destroyed by fire, water and wind, and not earth is because earth is the 'receptacle'.

After the dissolution moment, this particular world system remains dissolved for a long time, this is called the 'empty' moment, but the more accurate term would be "the state of being dissolved". The beings that inhabited this realm formerly will migrate to other world systems, and perhaps return if their journeys lead here again.^[16][17]

Temporal cosmology

Buddhist temporal cosmology describes how the universe comes into being and is dissolved. Like other Indian cosmologies, it assumes an infinite span of time and is cyclical. This does not mean that the same events occur in identical form with each cycle, but merely that, as with the cycles of day and night or summer and winter, certain natural events occur over and over to give some structure to time.

The basic unit of time measurement is the mahākalpa or "Great Eon" (Chn/Jpn: 大劫 daigō; Thai: มหากัปป์ or มหากัลป์; Devanagari: महाकल्प / महाकप्प). The length of this time in human years is never defined exactly, but it is meant to be very long, to be measured in billions of years if not longer.

A mahākalpa is divided into four kalpas or "eons" (Chn/Jpn: 劫 kō; Thai: กัป; अन्तरकल्प), each distinguished from the others by the stage of evolution of the universe during that kalpa. The four kalpas are:

• Vivartakalpa विवर्तकल्प "Eon of evolution" – during this kalpa the universe comes into existence.
• Vivartasthāyikalpa विवर्तस्थायिकल्प "Eon of evolution-duration" – during this kalpa the universe remains in existence in a steady state.
• Saṃvartakalpa संवर्तकल्प "Eon of dissolution" – during this kalpa the universe dissolves.
• Saṃvartasthāyikalpa संवर्तस्थायिकल्प "Eon of dissolution-duration" – during this kalpa the universe remains in a state of emptiness.

Each one of these kalpas is divided into twenty antarakalpas अन्तरकल्प (Pali: antarakappa अन्तरकप्प; Chn/Jpn: 中劫, "inside eons"; Thai: อันตรกัป) each of about the same length. Uchun Saṃvartasthāyikalpa this division is merely nominal, as nothing changes from one antarakalpa to the next; but for the other three kalpas it marks an interior cycle within the kalpa.

Vivartakalpa

The Vivartakalpa begins with the arising of the primordial wind, which begins the process of building up the structures of the universe that had been destroyed at the end of the last mahākalpa. As the extent of the destruction can vary, the nature of this evolution can vary as well, but it always takes the form of beings from a higher world being born into a lower world. The example of a Mahābrahmā being the rebirth of a deceased Ābhāsvara deva is just one instance of this, which continues throughout the Vivartakalpa until all the worlds are filled from the Brahmaloka down to Naraka. During the Vivartakalpa the first humans appear; they are not like present-day humans, but are beings shining in their own light, capable of moving through the air without mechanical aid, living for a very long time, and not requiring sustenance; they are more like a type of lower deity than present-day humans are.^[18]

Vaqt o'tishi bilan ular jismoniy ozuqaviy moddalarning ta'mini egallaydilar va uni iste'mol qilishlari bilan tanalari og'irlashib, odam tanasiga o'xshaydi; ular porlash qobiliyatini yo'qotadilar va tashqi ko'rinishidagi farqlarga ega bo'lishni boshlaydilar va umrlari kamayadi. Ular ikki jinsga bo'linib, jinsiy faol bo'lishni boshlaydilar. Keyin ular orasida ochko'zlik, o'g'irlik va zo'ravonlik paydo bo'lib, ular ijtimoiy farqlarni va hukumatni o'rnatadilar va ularni boshqarish uchun podshohni saylaydilar. Mahasammata। ासम्मत, "buyuk tayinlangan". Ulardan ba'zilari hozirgi paytda paydo bo'lgan hayvonlarning go'shtini ovlashni va yeyishni boshlaydilar.^[19]

Vivartasthāyikalpa

Birinchi antarakalpa

Vivartasthayyikalpa birinchi borliq Narakada tug'ilganidan boshlanadi va shu bilan butun koinotni mavjudotlar bilan to'ldiradi. Ushbu eonning birinchi antarakalpa davrida inson hayotining davomiyligi ulkan, ammo aniqlanmagan sonli yillardan (lekin kamida bir necha o'n ming yillar) 100 yoshgacha bo'lgan zamonaviy umrga qarab pasayadi. Antarakalpa boshida odamlar hali ham umuman xursand bo'lishadi. Ular universal monarx yoki "g'ildirak aylanadigan qirol" (sanskritcha) hukmronligi ostida yashaydilar. cakravartin चक्रवर्ति; Jpn: 転 輪 聖王 Tenrin Jō-b; Tailandcha: phพระเจ้า), kim zabt etadi^{[tushuntirish kerak ]}. Mahasudassana-sutta (DN.17) 336000 yil yashagan kakravartin shohi Maxasudassana (sanskritcha: Mahasudarśana) hayoti haqida hikoya qiladi. Cakkavatti-sīhanada-sutta (DN.26) kakravartinlarning keyingi sulolasi haqida, Dahanemi (Sanskritcha: Dhanemi) va 80000 yildan ortiq umr ko'rgan uning beshta avlodidan. Ushbu kakravartinlarning ettinchisi ota-bobolarining urf-odatlarini buzdi, ma'lum bir yoshdagi mavqeidan voz kechishdan bosh tortdi, taxtni o'g'liga topshirdi va hayotga kirdi śramaṇa श्रमण. Uning keyingi noto'g'riligi natijasida qashshoqlik oshdi; qashshoqlik natijasida o'g'irlik boshlandi; o'g'irlik natijasida o'lim jazosi tayinlandi; va bu hayotga nisbatan nafrat tufayli qotillik va boshqa jinoyatlar avj oldi.

Odamlarning umri endi 80000 yildan 100 yilgacha tezda kamaydi, ehtimol har bir avlod bilan qariyb yarmiga kamaydi (buni so'zma-so'z tushunmaslik kerak), har bir avlod bilan boshqa jinoyatlar va yovuzliklar ko'paymoqda: yolg'on, ochko'zlik, nafrat, jinsiy axloqsizlik, kattalarga hurmatsizlik. Ushbu davrda, Mahapadana-sutta (DN.14) ga binoan, ushbu antarakalpaning to'rtta buddosidan uchtasi yashagan: Krakucchanda Budda Kvaritुचntदः (pāli: Kakusandha ककुन्ध), umri 40.000 yil bo'lgan vaqtda; Kanakamuni kvarikondi Budda (Pali: Konāgamana kunोnānगमn) umri 30.000 yil bo'lganida; va Kāśyapa kíशशtयपः Budda (Pali: Kassapa kassistप), umri 20000 yil bo'lgan.

Bizning hozirgi vaqtimiz Vivartasthayikalpaning birinchi antarakalpasining oxiriga to'g'ri keladi, ya'ni umri 100 yildan kam bo'lganida, 80 yoshida yashagan kyākyamuni शाक्यमुनिः Buddha (Pali: Sakyamuni) hayotidan keyin.

Antarkakalpaning qolgan qismi baxtsiz deb bashorat qilinadi: umr ko'rish davomiyligi kamayib boradi va o'tmishdagi barcha yovuz tendentsiyalar vayronagarchilik darajasiga etadi. Odamlar o'n yildan ortiq yashamaydilar va besh yoshida turmushga chiqadilar; ovqatlar kambag'al va mazasiz bo'ladi; axloqning biron bir shakli tan olinmaydi. Eng xor va nafratli odamlar hukmdorga aylanadi. Qarindoshlararo qon to'kilish avj oladi. Odamlar, hattoki bitta oila a'zolari o'rtasidagi nafrat, odamlar bir-birlarini ovchilari kabi o'ljalarini o'ylamaguncha kuchayadi.^[20]

Oxir oqibat katta urush boshlanadi, unda eng dushman va tajovuzkorlar qo'llarida qilich bilan qurollanib, bir-birlarini o'ldirish uchun chiqib ketishadi. Urush avj olgan paytda kamroq tajovuzkor o'rmonlarda va boshqa yashirin joylarda yashirinadi. Ushbu urush birinchi antarakalpaning tugashini anglatadi.^[21]

Ikkinchi antarakalpa

Urush oxirida omon qolganlar yashirinadigan joylaridan chiqib, yovuz odatlaridan tavba qiladilar. Ular yaxshilik qilishni boshlaganlarida, ularning umrlari ko'payadi va shu bilan birga insoniyatning salomatligi va farovonligi ham oshadi. Uzoq vaqtdan so'ng, 10 yillik umr ko'rganlarning avlodlari 80000 yil yashaydi va o'sha paytda kakravartin shohi bo'ladi. Saṅha शंख. Uning hukmronligi davrida hozirgi bodhisattva Tuṣita osmon tushadi va Ajita अजिअज nomi bilan qayta tug'iladi. U a hayotiga kiradi ramaṇa va mukammallikka erishadi ma'rifat Budda sifatida; va undan keyin u Maitreya nomi bilan tanilgan bo'ladi (Tvéré, Pāli: Metteyya मेत्तेय्य).

Maytreyaning davridan keyin dunyo yana yomonlashadi va umri asta-sekin kamayib, 80000 yildan yana 10 yilga, har biri antarakalpa vayron qiluvchi urush bilan keyingi bosqichdan ajralib, o'rtada yuksak tsivilizatsiya va axloq cho'qqilari mavjud. 19-dan keyin antarakalpa, umri 80000 ga ko'payadi va keyin kamaymaydi, chunki Vivartasthāyikalpa nihoyasiga yetgan bo'ladi.

Savartakalpa

The Savartakalpa mavjudotlar Narakada tug'ilishni to'xtatgandan keyin boshlanadi. Keyin tug'ilishning to'xtashi vertikal kosmologiyani teskari tartibda davom ettiradi, ya'ni pretalar keyin tug'ilishdan to'xtaydi, keyin hayvonlar, keyin odamlar va hokazo xudolarning olamiga qadar.

Braxmalokaga qadar bo'lgan bu olamlarda aholisi yo'q bo'lganda, katta olov dunyoning barcha jismoniy tuzilishini yoqib yuboradi. U Abhasvara olamlari ostidagi barcha olamlarni kuydiradi. Ular yo'q qilinganida, Saṃvartasthāyikalpa boshlanadi.

Saṃvartasthāyikalpa

Haqida hech narsa deyish mumkin emas Saṃvartasthāyikalpachunki bbsāsvara olamlari ostida unda hech narsa bo'lmaydi. U ibtidoiy shamol esib, olamlarning tuzilishini yana qurishni boshlaganda tugaydi.

Boshqa halokatlar

Yong'in bilan yo'q qilish - bu oxirida sodir bo'lgan odatdagi halokat turi Savartakalpa. Ammo har sakkizinchi mahakalpa, etti marta yong'in natijasida, suv bilan yo'q qilinadi. Bu shunchaki halokatli, chunki u nafaqat Braxma olamlarini, balki Ibhasvara olamlarini ham yo'q qiladi.

Har oltmish to'rtinchi mahakalpa, ellik oltita olovdan va etti marta suvdan keyin, shamol tomonidan yo'q qilinadi. Bu eng dahshatli narsa, chunki u ham yo'q qiladi Ububaktsna olamlar. Yuqori dunyolar hech qachon yo'q qilinmaydi.

Mahayana qarashlari

Ba'zi bir farqlarga ega bo'lgan kosmologiya, 5-bobda qo'shimcha ravishda tushuntirilgan Avatamsaka Sutra.

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Robert E. Busvell kichik.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). Buddizmning Princeton lug'ati. Prinston, Nyu-Jersi: Prinston universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-1400848058. Olingan 22 iyun 2015.
• Buswell, Robert E., tahrir. (2004). Buddizm ensiklopediyasi (kosmologiya). Macmillan ma'lumotnomasi AQSh. 183-187 betlar. ISBN  0-02-865718-7.CS1 maint: qo'shimcha matn: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
• Trener, Kevin (2004). Buddizm: Tasvirlangan qo'llanma. Oksford: Oksford universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0195173987. Olingan 22 iyun 2015.
• Buddist kosmologiya (PDF). Dhammakaya ochiq universiteti.