Budda-tabiat - Buddha-nature

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Qismi bir qator kuni Buddizm Tarix Xronologiya Gautama Budda Sektantgacha buddizm Kengashlar Buddizmning Ipak yo'li orqali etkazilishi Hindiston qit'asida pasayish Keyinchalik buddistlar Buddist modernizm Dharma Tushunchalar To'rt asl haqiqat Asil sakkizta yo'l Dharma g'ildiragi Beshta agregatlar Doimiylik Azob O'zim emas Bog'liq kelib chiqishi O'rta yo'l Bo'shlik Axloq Karma Qayta tug'ilish Sa'sara Kosmologiya Buddist matnlar Buddhavakana Dastlabki buddaviy matnlar Tripiaka Mahayana sutralari Pali Canon Tibet kanoni Xitoy kanoni Amaliyotlar Uch marvarid Buddist yo'llari ozodlikka Besh amr Barkamolliklar Meditatsiya Falsafiy fikrlash Devotiya amaliyotlari Xizmat ko'rsatish Xotiralar Diqqat Hikmat Ajoyib abidings Ma'rifatga yordam Monastirizm Hayotiy hayot Buddistlar xitobi Ziyorat Vegetarianizm Nirvasa Uyg'onish To'rt bosqich Arhat Pratyekabuddha Bodhisattva Budda An'analar Theravada Pali Mahayana Xinayana Xitoy Vajrayana Tibet Navayana Newar Mamlakatlar bo'yicha buddizm Butan Kambodja Xitoy Hindiston Yaponiya Koreya Laos Mo'g'uliston Myanma Rossiya Shri-Lanka Tayvan Tailand Tibet Vetnam Kontur  Din portali

Qismi bir qator kuni Mahayana buddizmi Noyob ta'limotlar Bodhisattva Uyg'onish aqli Mohir vositalar Transandantal donolik Transandantal fazilatlar Bo'shlik Ong haqidagi ta'limot Buddaning uchta jasadi Bevafo Nirvana Kalit sutralar Prajñāpāramitā sitralari Mahoratnakūṭa Sitra Lotus Satra Vimalakīrti Sutra Avataṃsaka Satra Braxmajala Sitra Daśabhūmika Sūtra Saṃdhinirmocana Satra Tathāgatagarbha sitras Ṅraṅgama Samādi Sūtra Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra Mahaya maktablari Madhyamaka Yogaraka Vajrayana Tiantai Xuayan Zen Sof er Nichiren Mintaqaviy an'analar Xan xitoylari Yaponiya Koreya Vetnam Tibet Nepal Newar Butan Mo'g'uliston

Qismi bir qator kuni
Zen buddizm
Asosiy maqolalar Zen Chan buddizm Vetnam Thin Koreys Seon Yapon Dzeni Qo'shma Shtatlardagi Zen
Shaxslar Xitoyda Chan Klassik Bodhidxarma Huineng (enō) Mazu Daoyi (Baso) Shitou Siqian (Kisen) Dongshan Liangjie (Tozan) Xuefeng Yicun (Seppo) Linji Yixuan (Rinzay) Daxui Zonggao (Tahui) Zamonaviy Xu Yun Yaponiyada Zen Dygen Xakuin Ekaku Seon Koreyada Taego Bou Jinul Daewon Seongcheol Vetnamda Thin Thích Nhất Hạnh AQShdagi Zen / Chan D. T. Suzuki Hakuun Yasutani Taizan Maezumi Shunryū Suzuki Xsuan Xua Seungsahn Turkum: Zen buddistlari
Ta'limotlar Zen va Sutras Zenning doktrinaviy asoslari Budda-tabiat Yogakara Śūnyatā Bodhisattva
An'analar Dharma uzatish Zen nasabnomalari jadvallari Zen darajalari va ierarxiyasi Zen tashkiloti va muassasalari Zen Narratives
Uyg'onish Kenshu Satori To'satdan ma'rifat Shikantaza
Ta'limlar O'nta mol boqadigan rasm Tozanning beshta safi Uch sirli Geyts Bilishning to'rtta usuli
Amaliyot Zazen / Shikantaza Kinhin Koan amaliyoti Xua Tou Samu Ōryōki Rayxay Buddistlar xitobi Issatsu
Maktablar Sanjiejiao Okshead maktabi Sharqiy tog 'o'rgatish Xeze maktabi Gongchjou maktabi Channing beshta uyi Tibetlik Chan Truk Lam Olxo'ri qishloq an'anasi Interbeing tartibi Jogye ordeni Kvan Um Zen maktabi Taego ordeni Rinzai maktabi Sōtō maktabi Baku maktabi Sanbo Kyodan Oq olxo'ri Asanga Oddiy Mind Zen maktabi Zen tinchlikparvarlari
Tegishli maktablar Madhyamaka Yogaraka Xuayan Tiantai Sof er buddizmi

Budda-tabiat bir nechta tegishli atamalarni nazarda tutadi,^{[eslatma 1]} eng muhimi tathāgatagarbha va budxadxatu.^[2-eslatma] Tatāgatagarbha "bachadon" yoki "embrion" (garbha) "shu tariqa yo'qolgan" (tatagata ),^[3-eslatma] yoki "tathagata o'z ichiga olgan", while budxadxatu so'zma-so'z "Budda-olam" yoki "Budda-substrat" ​​degan ma'noni anglatadi.^[4-eslatma]

Tatāgatagarbha hind va keyinchalik Sharqiy Osiyo va Tibet buddistlari adabiyotida keng (ba'zan ziddiyatli) ma'nolarga ega va Budda-tabiat boshqalar qatoriga murojaat qilishi mumkin nurli ongning tabiati,^[3][4][5] toza (visuddhi), iflos bo'lmagan aql,^[3] "ongning tabiiy va haqiqiy holati";^[6] sunyata, an oddiy bo'lmagan inkor bo'lgan bo'shlik (Madhyamaka);^[4] The alaya-vijnana (do'kon-ong) (Yogacara);^[4] barcha dharmalarning interpenetratsiyasi; va barcha jonzotlarning ozodlikka erishish imkoniyatlari. Bu atama nimani anglatishini muhokama qilish asosiy qism bo'lib qolmoqda Mahayana buddisti sxolastikalar.

Etimologiya

Tatāgatagarbha

Atama tathāgatagarbha "embrional tathagata" ma'nosini anglatishi mumkin,^[7][8] "tatagata qornida",^[7] yoki "tattagata o'z ichiga olgan".^[9] Bu atama har xil ma'nolarni yodda tutishi mumkin tathagatagarbha ishlatilmoqda.^[9]

Murakkab

Sanskritcha atama tathāgatagarbha ikki atamaning birikmasi, tatagata va garbha:^[7]

• tatagata Buddani nazarda tutib, "shunday ketgan" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Uning tarkibiga "tata"va"āgata "," shunday keladi ",^[7] yoki "tata" va "gata", "shunday ketdi".^[7][10] Bu atama Buddani anglatadi, u samsaradan nirvanaga "o'tib ketgan" va barcha jonzotlarni qutqarish uchun ishlash uchun nirvanadan samsaraga "shunday kelgan".^[7]
• garbha, "bachadon",^[7][11] "embrion",^[7][11] "markaz",^[11] "mohiyat".^{[12][5-eslatma]}

Tibet olimi Lotsawa-ga boring atamaning to'rtta ma'nosini belgilab berdi Tatāgatagarbha hind buddist olimlari tomonidan odatda: (1) sifatida sodda bo'lmagan inkor bo'lgan bo'shlik, (2) ongning nurli tabiati, (3) alaya-vijnana (do'kon-ong), (4) barchasi bodisattva va sezgir mavjudotlar.^[4]

Osiyo tarjimalari

Xitoyliklar bu atamani tarjima qildilar tathāgatagarbha kabi (an'anaviy xitoy: 如来藏; ; pinyin: rúláizàng,^[7] yoki "Tathagata's (rúlái) ombor "(zàng).^[14][15] Braunning fikriga ko'ra, "ombor" ikkala narsani "o'rab turgan yoki o'z ichiga olgan narsani" ham ko'rsatishi mumkin,^[15] yoki "o'zi o'ralgan, yashiringan yoki boshqasi tomonidan saqlanadigan narsa."^[15] Tibet tilidagi tarjimasi de bzhin gshegs pa'i snying po, uni "bachadon" deb tarjima qilib bo'lmaydi (mngal yoki lhums), ammo "embrional mohiyat", "yadro" yoki "yurak" sifatida.^[15] "Yurak" atamasi mo'g'ul tarjimonlari tomonidan ham ishlatilgan.^[15]

G'arb tarjimalari

Atama tathagatagarbha g'arbiy tarjimonlar va olimlar tomonidan turli xil tarjima qilingan va talqin qilingan:

• Sally Kingning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu atama tathāgatagarbha ikki yo'l bilan tushunilishi mumkin:^[7]

1. "embrional tathāgata", boshlanadigan Budda, sabab Tatagata,
2. "tatagata bachadoni", meva Tatagata.

Kingning so'zlariga ko'ra, xitoyliklar rúláizàng ma'nosida "bachadon" yoki "meva" sifatida qabul qilingan.^[7]

• Wayman & Wayman shuningdek, xitoyliklar muntazam ravishda olib borishini ta'kidladilar garbha "bachadon" sifatida,^[13] ammo "embrion" atamasidan foydalanishni afzal ko'rishadi.
• Braunning so'zlariga ko'ra, Wayman & Wayman-ga ergashgan holda, "embrion" eng munosib tarjima hisoblanadi, chunki u "o'zgarmaydigan" dinamik xususiyatni saqlaydi. tathagatagarbha."^[8]
• Zimmermanning so'zlariga ko'ra, garbha shuningdek, biror narsaning ichki qismi yoki markazini anglatishi mumkin,^[16] va uning mohiyati yoki markaziy qismi.^[17] Kabi tatpurusa^[6-eslatma] u odamga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin bo'lish tatagata uchun "bachadon" yoki "konteyner".^[18] Kabi bahuvrihi^[7-eslatma] deb shaxsga murojaat qilishi mumkin ega bo'lish ichida embrional tattagata.^[18] Ikkala holatda ham ushbu embrional tattagata hali ham ishlab chiqilishi kerak.^[18] Zimmermann shunday xulosaga keladi tathagatagarbha a bahuvrihi, "tattagata o'z ichiga olgan" degan ma'noni anglatadi,^[8-eslatma] lekin ning turli xil ma'nolarini qayd etadi garbhamasalan, "o'z ichiga olgan", "tug'ilgan", "embrion", "(quchoqlash / yashirish) bachadon", "kaliks", "bola", "klan a'zosi", "yadro" kabi barcha narsalarni olib kelishi mumkin. aql qachon tathagatagarbha ishlatilmoqda.^[9]

Budda-tabiat

"Budda-tabiat" atamasi (an'anaviy xitoy: 佛性; ; pinyin: fóxìng, Yapon: busshō^[7]) ma'nosi jihatidan atama bilan chambarchas bog'liqdir tathāgatagarbha, lekin bu atamaning tarjimasi emas.^{[7][9-eslatma]} Bu insonda muhim bo'lgan narsalarga ishora qiladi.^[20]

Tegishli sanskritcha atama budxadxatu.^[7] Bu atama bilan teng keladigan ikkita ma'noga ega, ya'ni Buddaning tabiati dharmakaya va Buddaning sababi.^[7] Sabab va natija o'rtasidagi bog'lanish tabiatdir (dhatu) ikkalasi uchun ham umumiy bo'lgan, ya'ni dharmadhātu.^[20]

Matsumoto Shiro, shuningdek, "Budda-tabiat" sanskritcha "buddhadhātu" so'zini tarjima qilishiga, "biron bir narsani qo'yish joyi", "poydevor", "lokus" deb tarjima qilganiga ishora qilmoqda.^[21] Shironing fikriga ko'ra, bu "asl tabiat" yoki "mohiyat" degani emas, shuningdek, "Buddavlatga erishish imkoniyati", "Buddaning asl tabiati" yoki "Buddaning mohiyati" degani emas.^[21]

In Vajrayana, Budda-tabiat uchun atama sugatagarbha.

Hind Sutra manbalari

Dastlabki manbalar

Veymanning so'zlariga ko'ra, tattagatagarbha g'oyasi Buddaning "deb nomlangan narsa bor" degan so'zlariga asoslanadi. nurli aql^[3] (prabhasvara citta^[6]), "bu shunchaki bezovtalanish bilan qoplanadi (agantukaklesa )"^[6] Bir parchada nurli aql haqida eslatib o'tilgan Anguttara Nikaya:^[22] "Yorug'lik, rohiblar, bu aql. Va u kiruvchi iflosliklar bilan ifloslangan."^{[23][10-eslatma]} The Mahasāghika maktab nurli ongning ushbu g'oyasini va g'oyasini birlashtirdi mulavijnana, ongning asosi bo'lib xizmat qiladigan pastki qatlam ongi.^[3]

Nurli aql g'oyasidan uyg'ongan aql pokdir (visuddhi), iflos bo'lmagan aql. In tathagatagarbha-sutras aynan mana shu toza ong buddodlik o'sadigan urug 'deb hisoblanadi:

Qachonki bu ichki toza ong o'sib borishga qodir element sifatida qaraldi Buddaviylik, u erda "embrion (garbhaTathagata (= Buddha) "ta'limoti, ushbu atama ishlatilgan yoki ishlatilmaganligidan qat'iy nazar.^[3]

Karl Brunnxolzl yozishicha, atamaning birinchi ehtimoliy zikri Ekottarika Agama (garchi bu erda u keyinchalik boshqa matnlarda ishlatilgan bo'lsa). Parchada:

Agar kimdir o'zini Ekottarikagamaga bag'ishlasa, unda u bor tathagatagarbha. Uning tanasi bu hayotda iflosliklarni tugata olmasa ham, keyingi hayotida u oliy donolikka erishadi.^[24]

Bu tatāgatagarbha g'oyasi buddist tafakkurining turli yo'nalishlari o'rtasidagi, inson ongi tabiati va uyg'onish vositalarining o'zaro ta'sirining natijasi edi.^[25][26][27] Grigoriy Tathagatagarba-ta'limotining kelib chiqishi haqida quyidagicha fikr yuritadi: "Ushbu ta'limotning ma'nosi [...] shundan iboratki, ma'rifat ongning tabiiy va haqiqiy holatidir."^[6]

Avatamsaka Sutra

Waymanning so'zlariga ko'ra Avataṃsaka Satra (Milodiy 1-3 asrlar) nurli aql tushunchasidan keyin Budda-tabiat tafakkurining rivojlanishidagi keyingi qadam bo'ldi:

[V] Bu erda Buddaning ilohiy bilimlari jonli mavjudotlarni qamrab olishi va uning individual mavjudotdagi vakili pastki qatlam ongi ekanligi o'rgatilgan.^[3]

The Avataṃsaka Satra "kontseptsiyaning yakka muhokamasi" ni o'z ichiga olmaydi,^[8] ammo "Buddaning donoligi bilan jonli mavjudotlarning universal kirib borishi" g'oyasi (budxayna) "Budda-bachadon tushunchasini to'ldiruvchi edi.^[8] Ning asosiy g'oyasi Avataṃsaka Satra mutlaq va nisbiy birlikdir:

Hammasi bir, hammasi bir. Hammasi bir butun bo'lib eriydi. Haqiqat yig'indisida bo'linishlar yo'q [...] [Men] kosmosni muqaddas deb biladi, "bitta yorqin marvarid", Buddaning universal haqiqati. Butun voqelikning universal Buddavatsiyasi Avatamsaka-sutraning diniy xabaridir.^{[28][11-eslatma]}

Haqiqatning barcha darajalari bir-biriga bog'liq va o'zaro bog'liqdir. Bu tasvirida tasvirlangan Indraning to'ri. Ushbu "umumiylik birligi fenomenal dunyoning har bir alohida sub'ektiga o'ziga xos xususiyatni hech narsaga bog'lamasdan o'ziga xosligini beradi".^[29]

Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Satra

The Lotus Sutra (Skt: Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra)Miloddan avvalgi 100 yildan va miloddan 200 yilgacha yozilgan, Budda-tabiat atamasini ishlatmaydi, ammo buddizmning yapon olimlari bu fikr baribir matnda ifoda etilgan yoki nazarda tutilgan deb taxmin qilishadi.^[30][31] Oltinchi asrda Lotus Sutra sharhlarida matn Budda-tabiat tushunchasini o'rgatadi va Stiven Tayser va Yakuelin Stounning fikriga ko'ra "Lotus Sutra Budda-tabiatning universalligini o'rgatish sifatida keng tushunila boshlandi".^[32]Sutra boshqa mavzular va g'oyalarni keyingisi bilan baham ko'radi tathāgatagarbha sitralar kabi tathāgatagarbha sūtra va bir nechta olimlar ushbu matnlarga ta'sir ko'rsatgan deb taxmin qilmoqdalar.^[33][34][35]

O'ninchi bob, Mahayana ta'limotining Bodhisattva-idealiga muvofiq, hamma ozod bo'lishi mumkinligini ta'kidlaydi. Barcha tirik mavjudotlar nafaqat rohiblar va rohibalar, balki oddiy odamlar ham budda bo'lishlari mumkin. āravakas, bodisattva va odam bo'lmagan mavjudotlar.^[33] Shuningdek, barcha tirik mavjudotlar "Dharma o'qituvchisi" bo'lishi mumkinligi haqida batafsil ma'lumot berilgan.

Ning o'n ikkinchi bobi Lotus Sutra tafakkurli bo'lish potentsiali hamma odamlar uchun, hatto tarixiy uchun ham universaldir Devadatta budda bo'lish qobiliyatiga ega.^[36] Devadattaning hikoyasidan keyin yana bir hikoya keladi ajdaho malika ikkalasi ham kim naga va bodisattva bo'lgan ayol Mañjuśrī e'lonlari darhol hozirgi ko'rinishda ma'rifatga erishadi.

Tathāgatagarbha Sitras

Budda-tabiat g'oyasini muhokama qiladigan bir qancha yirik hind yozuvlari mavjud va ular ko'pincha "deb nomlanadi tathāgatagarbha sitralar. Brunnholzlning so'zlariga ko'ra "eng qadimgi mahayana sutralari tathagatagarbha tushunchasiga asoslangan va barcha jonzotlarda tug'ma budda potentsiali sifatida muhokama qilinadigan narsalar ikkinchi asrning oxiri va uchinchi asrning boshlarida yozma ravishda paydo bo'la boshladi. "^[24] Ularning g'oyalari juda ta'sirli bo'ldi Sharqiy Osiyo buddizmi va Tibet buddizmi. Ushbu ta'limotni eslatib o'tuvchi mahayana sutralariga quyidagilar kiradi Tathāgatagarbha sitra, Anunatva-Apurnatva-Nirdesa, Īrīmalādevī Siṃhanada Sūtra, Mahayna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sitra, Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra va Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra.^[37]

The Tathāgatagarbha Sitra (Milodiy 200-250) bu (tathāgatagarbha doktrinasi) va atamaning eng dastlabki ifodasi (...) hisoblanadi. tathāgatagarbha o'zi aynan shu sutrada yozilganga o'xshaydi. "^[38] Unda inson allaqachon yoki ibtidoiy ravishda uyg'onganligi va barcha mavjudotlar allaqachon mukammal bo'lganligi aytiladi budda o'zlarida, lekin buni tan olmaydilar, chunki u azoblar bilan qoplanadi.^{[39][40][41][42]}

Ushbu matnlardan yana biri Ganavyuxa Sutra (keltirganidek Longchenpa ) tathāgatagarbha hamma narsaning asosi ekanligini ta'kidlaydi:

... yakuniy universal zamin ham doimo Budda-mohiyat (Tathagatagarbha) bilan bo'lgan va bu mohiyat universal zamin nuqtai nazaridan Tathagata tomonidan o'rgatilgan. Buni bilmagan ahmoqlar, odatlari tufayli hatto olamshumul zaminni har xil baxt va azob-uqubatlarga, xatti-harakatlar va hissiy buzilishlarga ega deb bilishadi. Uning tabiati toza va beg'ubor, uning fazilatlari tilaklar kabi; na o'zgarishlar, na to'xtashlar mavjud. Buni anglagan kishi Ozodlikka erishadi ...^[43]

Īrīmalādevī Siṃhanada Sūtra

The Īrīmalādevī Siṃhanada Sūtra (Milodiy III asr)^[44]), shuningdek, nomlangan Srimala malikasining sherlarning shovqini, "yakuniy soteriologik printsip" sifatida tattagatagarbhani o'qitish markazlari.^[45] Tatāgatagarbha haqida shunday deyilgan:

Rabbim, Tathagatagarbha na o'zlik va na sezgir mavjudot, na ruh va na shaxsdir. Tathagatagarbha haqiqiy shaxsga bo'lgan ishonchga kiradigan, yolg'onchi qarashlarga rioya qiladigan, fikrlari bekorga chalg'itadigan mavjudotlar sohasi emas. Rabbim, bu Tattagatagarbha Illustrious Dharmadhatu embrioni, Dharmakaya embrioni, supramundane embrionidir. dharma, ichki toza embrion dharma.^[46]

In Īrīmalādevī Siṃhanada Sūtra tathāgatagarbha uchun ikkita mumkin bo'lgan holat mavjud:

[E] iflosliklar bilan qoplangan, bu faqat "Tattagata embrioni" deb nomlangan; yoki "Tathagata embrioni" endi "embrion" (potentsial) emas, balki Tathagata (dolzarblik) bo'lganda buzilishlardan xoli.^[47]

Sutraning o'zi buni quyidagicha ta'kidlaydi:

Tathagata-ning ushbu Dharmakaya, ifloslanish do'konidan ozod bo'lmaganda, Tathagatagarbha deb nomlanadi.^[48]

Mahāparinirvāṇa Sitra

A Sui sulolasi qo'lyozmasi Nirvāṇa Sitra

Birinchi "tathagatagarbha sutra" da ifodalangan Budda-tabiat tushunchasi Nirvana Sutra bu, Kevin Trainorning so'zlariga ko'ra quyidagicha: "Jonli mavjudotlar ularning budda bo'lishiga asos bo'lgan muqaddas tabiatga ega deyishadi [...] bu budda-tabiat aslida bizning asl tabiatimiz [...] universal va shaxs har qanday psixologik va karmik holatga tushib qolishi bilan butunlay izdan chiqmaydi. "^[2]

The Mahāparinirvāṇa Sitra (milodning II asrida yozilgan) buddaviylik ta'limotini Xitoy tomonidan qabul qilishda juda ta'sirli edi.^[27] The Mahayna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sitra tathāgatagarbha tushunchasini buddhadhatu bilan bog'ladi.^[49] Kosho Yamamoto ta'kidlashicha Nirvana Sutra bir qator tenglamalarni o'z ichiga oladi: "Shunday qilib, quyidagicha tenglama keladi: Budda tanasi = Dharmakaya = abadiy tan = abadiy Budda = abadiyat."^[50] Shimoda Masaxironing so'zlariga ko'ra, mualliflar Mahāparinirvāṇa Sitra stupaga sig'inishning rahbarlari va tarafdorlari bo'lgan. Atama budxadxatu dastlab yodgorliklar deb atalgan. In Mahāparinirvāṇa Sitra, tushunchasi o'rniga ishlatila boshlandi tathāgatagarbha. Mualliflar .ning ta'limotidan foydalanganlar Tathāgatagarbha Sitra najot printsipi sifatida Buddaning jismoniy qoldiqlariga sig'inishni ichki Budda ibodatiga aylantirish.^[19] Sasaki Shimodani ko'rib chiqqan holda, Shimoda asarining asosiy shartini, ya'ni Mahayana buddizmi va kelib chiqishi Nirvana Sutra aralashgan.^[51]

Budda-tabiat har doim va barcha mavjudotlarda mavjuddir. Bu hozirgi paytda sezgir mavjudotlarga Buddaning fazilatlari berilganligini anglatmaydi, balki kelajakda ular bu xususiyatlarga ega bo'lishadi.^[52] Bu dunyoviy qarashlardan har qanday mavjudotdagi qat'iy ruhiy azob-uqubatlarning skrining ta'siri bilan yashiringan.^[12-eslatma] Ushbu salbiy ruhiy holatlar yo'q qilingandan so'ng, Budda-Dxatu to'siqsiz porlaydi va Budda-sferani (Buddha-dhatu / visaya) ongli ravishda "kiritish" mumkin va shu bilan o'limsiz Nirvanaga erishiladi:^[53]

[T] u tathagatagarbha - bu shunchaki Do'stlik yoki Budda tabiatidir va u butun borliqning ochko'zligi va g'azabi ongida keng tarqalgan va mavjud bo'lgan asl buzilmagan toza aqldir. Bu qullik holatida bo'lgan Budda tanasini anglatadi.^[54]

Salli B. Kingning so'zlariga ko'ra, u katta yangilikni anglatmaydi va juda tizimli emas,^[49] bu "o'z tartibini yaratish va uni matnga etkazish majburiyatini olgan keyingi talabalar va sharhlovchilar uchun samarali" bo'ldi.^[49] Kingning so'zlariga ko'ra, uning eng muhim yangiligi bu atamani bog'lashdir buddhadhatu bilan tathagatagarbha.^[49] Sutra Budda-tabiat yoki tattagatagarbhani "Men" deb taqdim etadi. The Mahāparinirvāṇa Sitra haqiqiy o'zlikni anglatadi. " Mahayna Mahāparinirvāṅa Sitra, ayniqsa, Sharqiy Osiyo buddistlik fikrida nufuzli bo'lib, bu haqda bizning asl shaxsimiz (otman) deb gapirishga qadar boradi. Uning aniq metafizik va ontologik holati, ammo turli xil Mahayana falsafiy maktablari nuqtai nazaridan talqin qilinishi mumkin; Madhyamikalar uchun u hamma narsaga o'xshab o'z mavjudligidan bo'sh bo'lishi kerak; Yogakarinlar uchun, Laṅkāvataradan so'ng, uni uyg'onish urug'ining uyasi sifatida do'kon ongi bilan aniqlash mumkin.^[55] Pol Uilyamsning ta'kidlashicha: "[...] bu aniq Mahaparinirvana Sutra buddistning atmanni tasdiqlashi mumkin emas deb hisoblamaydi, agar bu tushunchani to'g'ri tushunish nima ekanligi aniq bo'lsa va haqiqatan sutra buni amalga oshirishda ma'lum afzalliklarni aniq ko'rsa. "^[56] ammo bu Buddha-tabiat haqida juda ko'p turli xil yo'llar bilan gapiradi, chunki xitoylik olimlar matnda mavjud bo'lgan Budda-tabiat turlarining ro'yxatini tuzdilar.^[49] Pol Uilyams shuningdek quyidagilarni ta'kidlaydi:

Shunga qaramay sutra aniqki, [...] biz [tathagatagharba] ​​haqida o'zimiz haqida gapirishimiz mumkin, aslida u umuman o'zlik emas va bunday o'zlik tushunchalariga ega bo'lganlar tattagatagarbhani anglay olmaydilar va shu tariqa ma'rifatli bo'ling (Ruegg 1989a: 21-6 ga qarang).^[56]

Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra

The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra (milodiy 350-400 yillarda tuzilgan)^[57]) tattagatagarba-doktrinani va alaya-vijñana ta'limot. Lankavatara Sutra "Tathagata-garbha fikrini Yogakara nuqtai nazariga singdiradi va bu assimilyatsiya [...] Mahayana-da ishonchni uyg'otish risolasida" yanada rivojlangan.^[58] Lankavatara Sutra ma'lumotlariga ko'ra tathāgatagarbha bilan bir xil alaya-vijñana, uyg'onishdan oldin omborxona-ong yoki 8-ong sifatida tanilgan.^[59] Olaya-vijnana tarkibida uyg'onish paydo bo'lgan toza urug 'yoki tattagatagarbha bo'lishi kerak.^[6]

Lankavatara-sutrada tathagata-garba fikrlari mavjud, shuningdek, Budda-tabiat g'oyasini qayta tiklashdan ogohlantiradi va uni uyg'onishga yordam sifatida taqdim etadi:

Muborak tomonidan o'rgatilgan bu Tathagata-garbha, faylasuflar o'rgatgan ego-substansiya bilan bir xil emasmi? Faylasuflar tomonidan o'rgatilgan ego abadiy yaratuvchidir, malakasiz, hamma joyda mavjud va buzilmaydi.
Muborak javob berdi: [...] bu bo'shliq, haqiqat chegarasi, Nirvana, tug'ilmagan, malakasiz va irodasizlikdan mahrum; Tathagatas [...] ning Tathagata-garbaga ishora qiluvchi ta'limotni o'rgatishining sababi, johillarni egollik haqidagi ta'limotni tinglaganlarida qo'rquvni chetga surib qo'yish va kamsitilmaslik va xayolsizlik holatini anglab etishlari kerak.^[60]

Aleks va Xideko Uaymanning so'zlariga ko'ra, Lankavataradagi tathagatagarbha va alaya-vijñana tenglamasi muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi:

Bu aniq bo'lganda Lankavatara-sutra ikki atamani aniqlaydi, bu oyat avvalgi davrda Tathagatagarbha atamasining ishlatilishidan bir yoki ikkala atamaning ma'nosini farq qiladi. Shri-Mala yoki muddat alaya-vijñana keyingi Yogacara maktabida.^{[61][13-eslatma]}

Hindiston sharhlarida

The tathāgatagarbha doktrinasi hind maxayana olimlari tomonidan risolalarda yoki sharhlarda keng muhokama qilingan śāstra, eng ta'sirchan bo'lgan Ratnagotravibhaga (Milodiy 5-asr).

Ratnagotravibhaga yoki Uttaratantraśāstra

The Ratnagotravibhaga deb nomlangan Uttaratantraśāstra (Milodiy 5-asr), hind śāstra bunda tathāgatagārbha nazariyasining barcha asosiy elementlari va mavzulari sintez qilingan.^[8] Unda eslatib o'tilgan nufuzli tathāgatagarbha sutralariga umumiy nuqtai nazar berilgan Tathāgatagarbha Sitra, Īrīmalādevī Siṃhanada Sūtra, Mahāparinirvāṇa Sitra, Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra, Anunatva-Apurnatva-Nirdesa va Mahābherīharaka-sitra.^[64] U tathāgatagarbha-ni "bir vaqtning o'zida uning to'liq namoyon bo'lishiga xos dinamik jarayon bo'lgan yakuniy, shartsiz haqiqat" sifatida taqdim etadi.^[65] Dunyoviy va ma'rifatli haqiqat bir-birini to'ldiruvchi sifatida qaraladi:

Shundaylik [tatata] Tathagatagarbha ifloslangan va poklik yo'q ma'rifatdir.^[47]

In Ratnagotravibhaga, tathāgatagarbha uchta o'ziga xos xususiyatga ega deb qaraladi: (1) dharmakaya, (2) shundaylik va (3) dispozitsiya, shuningdek umumiy xarakteristikalar (4)kontseptuallik.^[4]

Ga ko'ra Ratnagotravibhaga, barcha jonzotlar uchta ma'noda "Tathagata embrioniga" ega:^[66]

1. Tatagataning darmakoyasi barcha jonzotlarni qamrab oladi;
2. Tatagata tatata hamma joyda mavjud (avyatibheda);
3. Tatagata turlari (gotra, tathagatagarbha sinonimi) ularda uchraydi.

Ratnagotravibhaga ma'rifatni nirvāṇa-sohasi va dharmakaya bilan tenglashtirmoqda.^[47] Uchun turli xil sinonimlarni beradi garbha, eng tez-tez ishlatiladigan gotra va dhatu.^[65]

Ushbu matnda tathāgatagarbha so'zlari bilan ham izohlanadi nurli aql:

Aqlning nurli tabiati xuddi kosmos kabi o'zgarmasdir.^[67]

Madhyamaka maktabi

Hind Madhyamaka faylasuflar nazariyani ta'rifi sifatida izohladilar bo'shlik va noaniq inkor sifatida. Bxaviveka "s Tarkajvala aytadi:

[Tathagata yuragiga ega bo'lish ”iborasi [ishlatilgan], chunki barcha jonzotlarning ongida bo'shliq, imonsizlik, istaksizlik va boshqalar mavjud. Biroq, bu doimiy va keng tarqalgan odamga o'xshash narsa emas, balki ichki agentdir. Chunki biz «parchalarni» topamiz, masalan: «Barcha hodisalar bo'shliq, belgisizlik va istaksizlik xususiyatiga ega. Bo'shlik, befarqlik va istaksizlik nima - bu Tattagata ».^[68]

Kandrakirti "s Madhyamakāvatārabhāsya aytadi:

Shuni bilish kerakki, [olay-ong] barcha mavjudotlarning tabiatiga ergashadi, bu faqat alay-ong atamasi orqali o'rgatiladigan bo'shlikdan boshqa narsa emas.^[68]

Lotsawa-ga boring ushbu bayonot tathāgatagarbha ta'limotiga ishora qilmoqda.^[68] Kandrakirti Madhyamakāvatārabhāsya shuningdek, Lankavatara sutrasiga asoslanib, "jonli mavjudotlarning barcha katta va kichik belgilar bilan bezatilgan budda bo'lgan bo'shligini bayon qilish maqsadga muvofiqdir" degan fikrni ilgari suradi.^[68]Kamalasila (taxminan 740-795) Madhyamakaloka tathāgatagarbha bilan bog'laydi yorqinlik va yorqinligi bo'shlik:

Ushbu "barcha jonzotlar tatagata qalbiga egadirlar" degan so'zlar barchani beqiyos mukammal mukammal uyg'onish holatiga erishish uchun mos ekanligini o'rgatadi, chunki "tatagata" atamasi shaxsiy va fenomenal o'ziga xoslik bilan ajralib turadigan darmadhetu tabiiy nurlanish ekanligini anglatadi. .^[69]

Ularning orasida noyobdir Madhyamaka matnlar, ba'zi matnlarga tegishli Nagarjuna kabi asosan she'riy asarlar Dharmadhatustava, Cittavajrastavava Bodhicittavivarana tathāgatagarbha atamasini the bilan bog'lash ongning nurli tabiati.^[67]

Yogakara olimlari

Brunnxolzlning so'zlariga ko'ra, "barcha dastlabki hind Yogakara ustalari (masalan.) Asanga, Vasubandxu, Stiramati va Asvabhava), agar ular umuman tathāgatagarbha atamasini nazarda tutsalar, har doim buni faqat boshqa narsa deb tushuntiring shundaylik ikki kishilik shaxssizlik ma'nosida ".^[69]

Keyinchalik Yogacara olimlari tathāgatagarbha haqida ijobiyroq gapirishdi, masalan Jñanasrimitra Sakarasiddhi uni ravshanlik (prakasarupa) ko'rinishlari bilan tenglashtiradi. Xuddi shunday, Brunnholzl ham "Ratnakarasanti odatda tathagata yuragini tabiiy nurli ongga, o'z-o'zini anglamaslik va mukammal tabiatga teng keladigan (u oddiy bo'lmagan inkor emas, balki implikativ inkor deb biladi) deb ta'riflaydi. "^[70]

Alaya-vijnana

Ning Yogacara tushunchasi alaya-vijnana (do'kon ongi) ba'zi olimlar tomonidan tathāgatagarbha bilan bog'liq bo'lgan. Buni Lankavatara, Srimaladevi singari sutralarda va tarjimalarida ko'rish mumkin Paramarta.^[71] Alaya-vijnana tushunchasi dastlab ifloslangan ongni anglatardi: ning ishi bilan ifloslangan beshta hislar va aql. Bundan tashqari, u mula-vijnana, ong va idrok kelib chiqadigan asosiy ong yoki "ong oqimi" sifatida qaraldi.^[72]

Yogakara e'tiqodi bilan barcha mavjudotlarda Budda-tabiat tushunchasini hisobga olish Besh toifadagi mavjudotlar, Tszu-en (y, 632-682) kabi Xitoydagi Yogacara olimlari tabiatning ikki turini himoya qildilar: barcha mavjudotlarda yashirin tabiat (理 理) va amalda Budda-tabiat. (行 佛性). Oxirgi tabiat tug'ma tomonidan belgilandi urug'lar alayada.^[73]

Trikaya doktrinasi

Milodning 300 yillari atrofida Yogakara maktabi Buddaning tabiati haqidagi keng tarqalgan g'oyalarni tizimlashtirgan. Trikaya yoki uch tanadan iborat ta'limot. Ushbu ta'limotga ko'ra, Buddaviylikning uchta jihati bor:^[74]

1. Nirmana-kaya yoki Transformatsiya tanasi, Buddaning yerdagi namoyon bo'lishi;
2. The Sambhogakaya, yoki Lazzatlanish tanasi, nozik tanasi, bu orqali Budda ularga ta'lim berish uchun bodisattvaga o'xshaydi;
3. Dharmakaya yoki Dharma tanasi, Buddaning yakuniy tabiati va haqiqatning yakuniy tabiati.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Ular quyidagicha tavsiflanishi mumkin:

Birinchisi - "Bilimlar tanasi" (Jnana-kaya), barcha buddalar birgalikda foydalanadigan ichki tabiat, ularning Budda-nafasi (buddata)
[...] ning ikkinchi tomoni Dharma tanasi bu "o'z-o'zidan mavjud bo'lgan tanadir" (Svabhavika-kaya). Bu voqelikning yakuniy tabiati, shu tariqa, bo'shliq: tabiatning o'ziga xos bo'lmagan tabiati dharmas, ularning dharma-ness (dharmata). Bu Tathagata-garbha va bodikitta mavjudotlar ichida yashiringan va o'zgartirilgan "ombor ongi".

Xitoy buddizmida

The tathāgatagarbha g'oyasi rivojlanishida nihoyatda ta'sirchan bo'lgan Sharqiy Osiyo buddizmi.^[25] Buddizm Xitoyga kirib kelganida, milodning I asrida buddizm o'z ta'limotlarini xitoycha atamalar va fikrlash uslublari bilan taqqoslash orqali tushunilgan. Chji Mindu, Jidun va Xuyuan (433 yilda vafot etgan) singari xitoylik buddaviy mutafakkirlar buddistlik tushunchalarini xitoylar nuqtai nazaridan talqin qilishgan. neo-daoist "qorong'u o'rganish" deb nomlangan falsafa (xuanxue).^[75] Ushbu tendentsiyaga keyinchalik faqat qarshi kurashgan Xitoylik Madhyamaka kabi olim-tarjimonlar Kumarajiva.

Budda tabiati g'oyasi Xitoyga tarjimasi bilan kiritilgan Mahaparanirvana sutra beshinchi asrning boshlarida va ushbu matn Xitoy buddizmida budda tabiat doktrinasining markaziy manbaiga aylandi.^[76] Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra haqidagi tushunchalariga asoslanib, ba'zi xitoylik buddistlar Budda-tabiatni o'rgatish, xuddi shu sutra aytganidek, oxirgi buddaviylik ta'limoti va sunyata va ikki haqiqat ustida muhim bir haqiqat bor deb taxmin qilishgan.^[77] Ushbu fikr g'oyalarga o'xshash deb talqin qilingan Dao va Printsip (Li) Xitoy falsafasida.

Iymonning uyg'onishi

Iymonning uyg'onishi Xitoy buddizmining rivojlanishida juda ta'sirli bo'lgan ^[27] tomonidan tarjima qilinganligi aytilgan Paramarta (499-569). Matnga an'anaviy ravishda tegishli Avaghoṣa, matnning sanskritcha versiyasi mavjud emas. Eng qadimgi versiyalari xitoy tilida yozilgan va zamonaviy olimlar bu matn xitoycha kompozitsiya deb hisoblashadi.^[78][79]

The Mahayana shahrida uyg'onish Xitoy buddist tafakkurining sintezini taklif etadi.^[80] U Budda-tabiat to'g'risidagi ta'limotni koserologik nazariya sifatida qaraydi, hind-tibet an'analaridan farqli o'laroq, bu erda soteriologik jihat ta'kidlangan.^[81] Unda "fenomenal va transandantal olamning barcha holatlarini o'z ichiga olgan" "Bir aql" tasvirlangan.^[81] U tathatgatagarbha va alaya-vijñana g'oyalarini uyg'unlashtirishga harakat qildi:

Mahayana mohiyati - o'zlik va dunyo, ong va shunga o'xshashlikning mohiyatini sarhisob qiladigan "Iymon Uyg'onishi" so'zlari bilan ajralmas birdir. Hamma narsa bu apriori ma'rifatning tashuvchisi; barcha boshlang'ich ma'rifat unga asoslanadi. Shunday qilib, mavjudlik sirlari "Qanday qilib begonalashishni engishimiz mumkin?" Qiyinchilik, aksincha: "Nima uchun biz birinchi navbatda adashgan deb o'ylaymiz?"^[27]

Ishonchni uyg'otishda "bitta aql" ikki jihatga ega, ya'ni tatata, bunday narsalar, ular qanday bo'lsa, va samsara, tug'ilish va o'lim tsikli.^[80] Ushbu matn tomonidan yozilgan inshoga to'g'ri keldi Imperator Vu ning Liang sulolasi (milodning 502-549 yillari hukmronligi), unda u zulmatga tushib qolgan sof mohiyatni, ma'rifiy ongni joylashtirdi, bu johiliyatdir. Bu bexabarlikdan sof aql samsarada qolib ketmoqda. Bu o'xshash tathāgatagarba va nurli ongni iflos qilish g'oyasi.^[80] Ushbu inshoga sharhda Shen Yue ushbu asl mohiyat haqidagi tushuncha fikrlarni to'xtatish orqali uyg'onadi - degan qarashda ham Sutra platformasi ning Xuineng.^[80]

Ushbu turli xil g'oyalarning birlashishi "tushunchasini qo'llab-quvvatladi ekayana, bitta vosita: mutlaq birdamlik, har tomonlama keng tarqalgan Budda donoligi va asl ma'rifat yaxlit bir butun sifatida. Ushbu sintez Xitoyda birlashgan bilan erishilgan birlikning aksi edi Qo'shiqlar sulolasi.^[82]

Xitoyning Yogacara va Madhyamaka shaharlarida

VI asrga kelib budda tabiati Xitoy buddizmida mustahkam o'rnashgan va uni tushuntirish uchun turli xil nazariyalar ishlab chiqilgan.^[76] Budda tabiati haqida yozgan nufuzli shaxslardan biri Ching-ying Xui-yuan (mil. 523-592) edi. Xitoy Yogacarin u quyidagi idealizmning bir turini ilgari surdi:

"Istisnosiz barcha dharmalar haqiqiy [-mind] dan kelib chiqadi va shakllanadi va haqiqiy [-mind] dan tashqari, yolg'on fikrlarni keltirib chiqaradigan hech narsa yo'q."^[76]

Ching-ying Xui-yuan bu "haqiqiy aqlni" alaya-vijnana, tathāgatagarbha va "Budda-tabiat" bilan tenglashtirdi (fóxìng) va uning mohiyati, haqiqiy ongi va metafizik printsipi, barcha jonzotlar ma'rifatga erishishini ta'minladi.^[76] Ming-Vud Lyuga ko'ra "Xui-yuanning Budda-tabiat to'g'risidagi ta'limotni talqini" Budda-tabiat "ning asosan amaliydan ontologik kontseptsiyaga aylanish jarayonining cho'qqisini anglatadi."^[76]

Xitoyning Yogacara maktabi ham tathāgatagarbha va Alayavijñana o'rtasidagi munosabatlarga bo'linib ketdi. Fa-shang (495-580), janubiy Yogacarani ifodalagan holda, ular alohida, alaya illuziori va nopokligini, budda tabiati esa barcha fenomenal haqiqatning asosiy manbai ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[83] Ayni paytda shimoliy maktabda alaya va budda tabiati barcha hodisalar uchun bir xil toza qo'llab-quvvatlovchi deb hisoblangan.^[83] Oltinchi va ettinchi asrlarda Yogakara nazariyasi budda tabiatini abadiy zamin deb bilgan substantialistik ikki tomonlama bo'lmagan metafizika bilan bog'liq edi. Ushbu g'oyani o'xshash raqamlar ilgari surdi Fazang va Ratnamati.^[75]

Xitoyning Yogacara qarashidan farqli o'laroq, Xitoylik Madhyamaka olim Jizang (Mil. 549-623) metafizik haqiqat sifatida atamaning barcha ontologik kontsentatsiyalarini olib tashlashga harakat qildi va budda tabiatini "kabi atamalar bilan sinonim deb bildi."tatata," "dharmadhatu, "" ekayana "," donolik "," yakuniy haqiqat "," o'rta yo'l "va shuningdek, o'ylaydigan donolik qaram kelib chiqishi.^[76] Uning fikrini shakllantirishda Jizang avvalgi Xitoy Madhyamaka mutafakkiri ta'sirida bo'lgan Sengzhao (Miloddan avvalgi 384–414), u avvalgi Xitoy buddistlari ishlatgan daosizm tushunchalariga emas, hind manbalariga asoslangan bo'shliq haqidagi tushunchani bayon qilishda muhim rol o'ynagan.^[75] Jizang "O'rta yo'l-budda tabiati" birikmasidan foydalangan (zhongdao tulki 中道 佛 性) uning qarashiga murojaat qilish.^[84] Jizang shuningdek, xitoylik faylasuflarning birinchisi bo'lib, u o'simliklar va itoatkor narsalarning Budda tabiatiga ega ekanligini mashhur ta'kidlagan, u ham uni haqiqiy haqiqat va umuminsoniy printsip deb atagan (dao).^[84]

20-asrda nufuzli xitoylik usta Yin Shun xitoylik Madhyamakaga murojaat qilib, har qanday Yogakara ta'sirida budda tabiati haqiqatning doimiy asosi bo'lgan degan qarashga qarshi chiqdi va buning o'rniga budda tabiat ta'limoti shunchaki maqsadga muvofiq vosita degan fikrni qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[75] Yin Shun hind Madhyamakasini o'rganishga asoslanib, hamma narsaning bo'shligini yakuniy buddaviy haqiqat sifatida targ'ib qildi va budda tabiati haqidagi ta'limot ba'zi buddistlarning bo'shliqqa bo'lgan qo'rquvini yumshatish va jalb qilish maqsadida o'qitiladigan vaqtinchalik ta'limot ekanligini ta'kidladi. Men yoki o'z g'oyalariga yaqin bo'lgan odamlar Braxman.^[75] Keyinchalik Buddizm yo'lini tutganlaridan so'ng, ular bo'shliq haqiqati bilan tanishadilar.^[75]

Tiantayda

In Tiantai maktab, asosiy shaxs - bu olim Zhiyi. Pol L. Svonsonning so'zlariga ko'ra, Tszining hech bir asarida budda tabiati to'g'risida aniq gap ketmagan. Shunga qaramay, u hali ham uning falsafasida muhim tushunchadir, bu bilan sinonim sifatida qaraladi ekayana da ko'rsatilgan printsip Lotus Sutra.^[85] Swanson, Zhiyi uchun budda tabiati:

voqelikning mavjudligini, haqiqatni qanday bo'lsa shunday ko'rish uchun donolikni va ushbu donolikka erishish uchun zarur bo'lgan amaliyotni o'z ichiga olgan faol uch bosqichli jarayon. Budda tabiati uch xil: haqiqat, donolik va amaliyotning uchta jihati bir-biriga bog'liqdir - bir jihati boshqalarsiz hech qanday ma'noga ega emas.^[85]

Shuning uchun Zhiyi uchun Budda tabiati uchta jihatlarga ega, u quyidagi qismlarga asoslanadi Lotus sutra va Nirvana sutra:^[85]

1. Buddavlatlikka erishishning bevosita sababi, barcha jonzotlarda Budda bo'lish uchun tug'ma potentsial, bu "haqiqiy tabiat", narsalar qanday bo'lishidir.
2. Buddavlatlikka erishishning to'liq sababi, bu asl mohiyatni va amaliyotning maqsadini yoritadigan donolik jihati.
3. Buddavlatga erishishning shartli sabablari, bu Buddavlatga olib boradigan amaliyot va faoliyatning bir tomonidir.

Keyinchalik Tiantai olimi Janran u o'zining sinonimi deb bilgan budda tabiatiga Tiantay qarashlarini kengaytiradi shundaylik, itoatkor jinslar va o'simliklar ham budda tabiatiga ega degan fikrni ilgari surish.^[86]

Chan buddizmda

Yilda Chan buddizm, budda tabiati barcha mavjudotlarning mohiyatli (mohiyatli bo'lmagan) tabiati sifatida ko'rishga moyildir. Ammo Zen an'analari budda tabiati ekanligini ham ta'kidlaydi śūnyatā, mustaqil va mazmunli "o'zlik" ning yo'qligi.^[27] In Sharqiy tog 'o'rgatish erta Channing Budda tabiati bilan tenglashtirildi ongning tabiati, keyinchalik reabilitatsiya qilinadigan muddat yoki ob'ektga ega bo'lgan har qanday identifikatsiya rad etildi.^[5] Bu Chan ustozning yozib olingan so'zlarida aks etadi Mazu Daoyi (709-788), u dastlab "Aql Budda" deb ta'kidlagan, ammo keyinchalik "Na aql va na Budda" deb ta'kidlagan.^[14-eslatma]

Chan ustalari Xuineng (VII asr Xitoy),^[88] Chinul (12-asr Koreya),^[89] Xakuin Ekaku (18-asr Yaponiya)^[90] ga Xsu Yun (XX asr Xitoy),^[91] uyg'onish jarayoni aqlning nuri atrofga burilib, o'zining asl mohiyatini tanib olishidan boshlanadi, shuning uchun 8-ong, alayavijñana, deb ham tanilgan tathāgatagarbha, "yorqin ko'zgu donoligi" ga aylantirildi. D.T.Suzuki so'zlariga ko'ra Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra Chan / Zen Buddist qarashlarini taqdim etadi tathāgatagarbha:

[Budda dedi:] Endi, Mahamatiy, mukammal bilim nima? Shakl, ism, haqiqat va xarakterning kamsituvchi tushunchalarini chetga surib qo'yganda amalga oshiriladi; bu ezgu donolik bilan ichki anglash. Ushbu mukammal bilim, Mahatomi, Tatatata-garbhaning mohiyatidir.^[92]

Ushbu faol o'zgarish tugagach, qolgan etti ong ham o'zgaradi. Delusiv kamsitishning 7-ongi "tenglik donoligi" ga aylanadi. Fikrlash tuyg'usining 6-chi ongi "chuqur kuzatuvchi donolikka", beshta sezgi sezgisining 1-5-chi onglari "hamma bajaruvchi donolikka" aylanadi.

Ta'sirli Chan patriarxi Gifeng Zongmi (780–841) Budda tabiatini "bo'sh osoyishta xabardorlik" deb talqin qilgan (k’ung-chi chih), u Channing Ho-tse maktabidan olgan.^[83] Srimala sutrasidan so'ng u bo'shliq nazariyasini Prajñaparamita sutralar vaqtinchalik va budda tabiatini buddizmning aniq ta'limoti deb bilgan.^[75]

According to Heng-Ching Shih, the teaching of the universal Buddha-nature does not intend to assert the existence of substantial, entity-like self endowed with excellent features of a Buddha. Rather, Buddha-nature simply represents the potentiality to be realized in the future.^[93]

Xsing Yun, forty-eighth patriarch of the Linji maktabi, equates the Buddha-nature with the dharmakāya in line with pronouncements in key tathāgatagarbha sūtras. He defines these two as:

the inherent nature that exists in all beings. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, enlightenment is a process of uncovering this inherent nature … The Buddha nature [is] identical with transcendental reality. The unity of the Buddha with everything that exists.^[94][95]

Koreya buddizmi

In the Korean Vajrasamādhi Sūtra (685 CE), the tathāgatagarbha is presented as being possessed of two elements, one essential, immutable, changeless and still, the other active and salvational:

This "dharma of the one mind", which is the "original tathagatagarbha", is said to be "calm and motionless" ... The Vajrasamadhi's analysis of tathagatagarbha also recalls a distinction the Awakening of Faith makes between the calm, unchanging essence of the mind and its active, adaptable function [...] The tathagatagarbha is equated with the "original edge of reality" (bhutakoti) that is beyond all distinctions - the equivalent of original enlightenment, or the essence. But tathagatagarbha is also the active functioning of that original enlightenment - 'the inspirational power of that fundamental faculty' .... The tathagatagarbha is thus both the 'original edge of reality' that is beyond cultivation (= essence) as well as the specific types of wisdom and mystical talents that are the byproducts of enlightenment (= function).^[96]

Yaponiya buddizmi

Nichiren buddizmi

Nichiren (1222–1282) was a Buddhist monk who taught devotion to the Lotus Sutra as the exclusive means to attain enlightenment, and the chanting of Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō as the essential practice of the teaching. Nichiren buddizmi includes various schools with diverging interpretations of Nichiren's teachings.

Nichiren Buddhism views the Buddha nature as "The inner potential for attaining Buddhahood", common to all people.^[97]Asosida Lotus Sutra, Nichiren maintained that "all living being possess the Buddha nature",^[98] being the inherent potential to attain Buddhahood: "The Buddha nature refers to the potential for attaining Buddhahood, a state of awakening filled with compassion and wisdom."^[99]

The emphasis in Nichiren Buddhism is on "revealing the Buddha nature" - or attaining Buddhahood – in this lifetime ^[100] through chanting the name of the Dharma of the Lotus Sutra: "[T]the Buddha nature within us is summoned forth and manifested by our chanting of Nam-myoho-renge-kyo."^[101]

The potential for Buddhahood exists in the whole spectrum of the O'n olam of life, and this means that all people, including evil doers, have Buddha nature,^[102] which remains as a dormant possibility or a theoretical potential in the field of emptiness or non-substantiality until it is materialized in reality through Buddhist practice.

In his letter "Opening the Eyes of Wooden and painted Images" ^[103] Nichiren explains that insentient matter (such as trees, mandalas, images, statues) also possess the Buddha nature, because they serve as objects of worship. This view regards the Buddha nature as the original nature of all manifestations of life – sentient and insentient – through their interconnectedness:

This concept of the enlightenment of plants in turn derives from the doctrine of three thousand realms in a single moment of life, which teaches that all life—insentient and sentient—possesses the Buddha nature.^[104]

Zen buddizm

Asoschisi Sōtō maktabi ning Zen buddizm, Dygen Zenji, held that Buddha-nature (busshō 佛性) was simply the true nature of reality and Being. This true nature was just impermanence, becoming and 'vast emptiness'. Because he saw the whole universe as an expression of Buddha-nature, he held that even grass and trees are Buddha nature.

Shuning uchun o'tlar va daraxtlar, chakalakzorlar va o'rmonlarning doimiyligi Budda tabiatidir. Odamlar va narsalarning, tana va ongning tubanligi Budda tabiatidir. Tabiat va erlar, tog'lar va daryolar abadiydir, chunki ular Budda tabiatidir. Oliy va to'liq ma'rifat, chunki u abadiy emas, Budda tabiatidir.^[105]

Asoschisi Sanbō Kyōdan lineage of Zen Buddhism, Yasutani Haku'un Roshi, also defined Buddha-nature in terms of the emptiness and impermanence of all dharmas:

Everything by its very nature is subject to the process of infinite transformation - this is its Buddha- or Dharma-nature. What is the substance of this Buddha- or Dharma-nature? In Buddhism it is called ku (shunyata). Hozir, ku is not mere emptiness. It is that which is living, dynamic, devoid of mass, unfixed, beyond individuality or personality--the matrix of all phenomena.^[106]

A famous reference to Buddha-nature in the Zen-tradition is the Mu-koan:

A monk asked Zhaozhou Congshen, a Chinese Zen master (known as Jōshū in Japanese), "Has a dog Buddha-nature or not?" Zhaozhou answered, "It does not." (wu Xitoy, mu yapon tilida)^[107]

Shin buddizm

Asoschisi Jōdo Shinshū ning Sof er buddizmi, Shinran, equated Buddha-Nature with shinjin.^[108]

Tibet buddizmi

Yilda Tibet buddisti scholastics, there are two main camps of interpreting buddha nature. There are those who argue that tathāgatagarbha is just emptiness (described either as dharmadhatu, the nature of phenomena, or a nonimplicative negation) and there are those who see it as the union of the mind's emptiness and luminosity (which includes the buddha qualities).^[109]

The Gelug maktabi Tibet buddizmi favors what is called the qo'ng'iroq izohlash Prasasgika Madhyamaka philosophy.^[110] They thus interpret Buddha nature as an expedient term for the emptiness of inherent existence. Other schools, especially the Jonang,^[111] va Kagyu have tended to accept the shentong, "other-empty", Madhyamaka philosophy, which discerns an Absolute which "is empty of adventitious defilements which are intrinsically other than it, but is not empty of its own inherent existence".^[112]

These interpretations of the tathagatagarbha-teachings has been a matter of intensive debates in Tibet.^[113]

Gelug

An early Tibetan translator, Ngok Lotsawa (1050–1109) argues in his commentary to the Uttaratantra that Buddha nature is a non-implicative negation, which is to say that it is emptiness, as a total negation of inherent existence (svabhava) that does not imply that anything is left un-negated (in terms of its svabhava). Another early figure, Chaba Chokyi Senge also argued that Buddha nature was a non-implicative negation.^[114] The Kadampa tradition generally followed Ngok Lotsawa by holding that Buddha nature was a nonimplicative negation. The Gelug school, which sees itself as a continuation of the Kadampas, also hold this view, while also holding, as Chaba did, that Buddha nature teachings are of expedient meaning.^[114]

Kedrub Jé Geleg Balsang (1385–1438), one of the main disciples of Tsongkhapa, defined the tathāgatagarbha thus:

"It is the emptiness of mind’s being empty of being really established that is called “the naturally pure true nature of the mind.” The naturally pure true nature of the mind in its phase of not being free from adventitious stains is called “sugata heart” or “naturally abiding disposition."^[114]

Brunnholzl states that the view of Gyaltsab Darma Rinchen (1364–1432) is "that the tathàgata heart is the state of a being in whom mind's emptiness is obscured, while buddhas by definition do not possess this tathàgata heart."^[114]

The 14-Dalay Lama sees the Buddha-nature as the "original clear light of mind", but points out that it ultimately does not exist independently, because, like all other phenomena, it is of the nature of emptiness:

Once one pronounces the words "emptiness" and "absolute", one has the impression of speaking of the same thing, in fact of the absolute. If emptiness must be explained through the use of just one of these two terms, there will be confusion. I must say this; otherwise you might think that the innate original clear light as absolute truth really exists.^[115]

Sakya

Sakya Pandita (1182–1251) sees the buddha nature as the dharmadhatu free from all reference points, and states that the teaching that buddha nature exists in all beings is of expedient meaning and that its basis is emptiness, citing Kandrakirti "s Madhyamakāvatārabhāsya.^[116] The Sakya scholar Rongtön meanwhile, argued that buddha nature is shundaylik, with stains, or bo'shlik of the mind with stains.^[117]

Sakya scholar Rinchen Drub tugmachasi (1290–1364), like the Gelugpas, held that the Buddha nature teachings were of expedient meaning and that the naturally abiding disposition is nothing but emptiness, however unlike them, his view was that the basis for these teachings is the alaya-vijñana and also that buddha nature is the dharmakaya of a buddha but "never exists in the great mass of sentient beings".^[118]

According to Brunnholzl, in the works of the influential Sakya scholar Gorampa Sonam Senge (1429–1489), buddha nature is

"nondual unity of minds lucidity and emptiness or awareness and emptiness free from all reference points. It is not mere emptiness because sheer emptiness cannot be the basis of both samsára and nirvána. However, it is not mere lucidity either because this lucidity is a conditioned entity and the tathágata heart is unconditioned."^[117]

Sakya Chokden meanwhile argues that the ultimate buddha nature is "minds natural luminosity free from all extremes of reference points, which is the sphere of personally experienced wisdom and an implicative negation."^[119]

Jonang

The Jonang school, whose foremost historical figure was the Tibetan scholar-monk Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen (1292–1361), sees the Buddha-nature as the very ground of the Buddha himself, as the "permanent indwelling of the Buddha in the basal state".^[120] According to Brunnholzl, Dolpopa, basing himself on certain tathāgatagarbha sutras, argued that the buddha nature is "ultimately really established, everlasting, eternal, permanent, immutable (therzug), and being beyond dependent origination."^[118] This is the foundation of what is called the Shentong ko'rinish.

Moreover, the Buddhist tantric scripture entitled Chanting the Names of Mañjuśrī (Mañjuśrī-nāma-saṅgīti), repeatedly exalts, as portrayed by Dolpopa, not the non-Self but the Self, and applies the following terms to this ultimate reality : 'The Buddha-Self, the beginningless Self, the solid Self, the diamond Self'. These terms are applied in a manner which reflects the cataphatic approach to Buddhism, typical of much of Dolpopa's writings.^[121]

Dr. Cyrus Stearns writes that Dolpopa's attitude to the 'third turning of the wheel' doctrines (i.e. the Buddha-nature teachings) is that they "are the final definitive statements on the nature of ultimate reality, the primordial ground or substratum beyond the chain of dependent origination, and which is only empty of other, relative phenomena."^[122]

Nyingma

In Nyingma school doctrines on buddha nature are generally marked by the tendency to align the idea with Dzogchen views as well as with Prasangika Madhyamaka, beginning with the work of Rongzom (1042–1136) and continuing into the work of Longchenpa (1308–1364) and Mipham (1846–1912).^[123] Mipham Rinpoche, the most authoritative figure in modern Nyingma, adopted a view of buddha nature as the unity of appearance and emptiness, relating it to the descriptions of the Ground in Dzogchen as outlined by Longchenpa. This ground is said to be primordially pure (ka dag) and spontaneously present (Ihun grub).^[124]

Germano writes that Dzogchen "represents the most sophisticated interpretation of the so-called "Buddha nature" tradition within the context of Indo-Tibetan thought".^[125]

The 19th/20th-century Nyingma scholar, Shechen Gyaltsap Gyurme Pema Namgyal, sees the Buddha nature as ultimate truth,^[126] nirvana, which is constituted of profundity, primordial peace and radiance:

Buddha-nature is immaculate. It is profound, serene, unfabricated suchness, an uncompounded expanse of luminosity; nonarising, unceasing, primordial peace, spontaneously present nirvana.^[127]

Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche sees an identity between the Buddha-nature, darmadxatu (essence of all phenomena and the noumenon) and the Uchta Vajra, dedi:

Dharmadhatu is adorned with dharmakaya, which is endowed with dharmadhatu wisdom. This is a brief but very profound statement, because "dharmadhatu" also refers to sugata-garbha or buddha nature. Buddha nature is all-encompassing ... This buddha nature is present just as the shining sun is present in the sky. It is indivisible from the three vajras [i.e. the Buddha's Body, Speech and Mind] of the awakened state, which do not perish or change.^[128]

The Nyingma meditation masters, Khenchen Palden Sherab and Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal, emphasise that the essential nature of the mind (the Buddha-nature) is not a blankness, but is characterized by wonderful qualities and a non-conceptual perfection that is already present and complete, it's just obscured and we fail to recognize it.^[129]

Speaking in the context of Nyingma, Dzogchen Ponlop expresses the view that there exists within vajrayana Buddhism the doctrine that we are already buddha: ‘... in the vajrayana, we are buddha hoziroq, in this very moment’^[130] and that it is legitimate to have ‘vajra pride’ in our buddha mind and the already present qualities of enlightenment with which it is replete:

Vajra pride refers to our pride and confidence in the absolute nature of our mind as buddha: primordially, originally pure, awake and full of the qualities of enlightenment.^[131]

Kagyu

Brunnholzlning so'zlariga ko'ra,

Deyarli barchasi Kagyu masters hold the teaching on buddha nature to be of definitive meaning and deny that the tathagata heart is just sheer emptiness or a nonimplicative negation. Though the Kagyu approach has certain similarities with Dolpopa's view, it is generally less absolute than the latter's and shows several significant differences, such as not claiming that the buddha qualities exist in their full-blown form even in confused sentient beings and not making such an absolute distinction between the two realities as Dolpopa does (the exception is Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Taye, who largely follows Taranata and Dolpopa but at times blends their positions with the Third Karmapa's view).^[118]

In Kagyu the view of the Third Karmapa is generally seen as the most authoritative. This is the view that buddha nature is "mind's luminous ultimate nature or nondual wisdom, which is the basis of everything in samsara and nirvana."^[132]

Thrangu Rinpoche sees the Buddha nature as the indivisible oneness of wisdom and emptiness:

The union of wisdom and emptiness is the essence of Buddha-hood or what is called Buddha-nature (Skt. Tathagata-garbha) because it contains the very seed, the potential of Buddhahood. It resides in each and every being and because of this essential nature, this heart nature, there is the possibility of reaching Buddhahood.^[133]

The Rimé movement

The Rimé movement is an ecumenical movement in Tibet which started as an attempt to reconcile the various Tibetan schools in the 19th century. In contrast to the Gelugpa, which adheres to the rang stong, "self-empty", or Prasaṅgika point of view,^[134] the Rimé movement supports shen tong (gzhan tong), "other-empty", an essential nature which is "pure radiant non-dual consciousness".^[111] Jamgon Kongtrul says about the two systems:

Madhyamika philosophies have no differences in realising as 'Shunyata', all phenomena that we experience on a relative level. They have no differences also, in reaching the meditative state where all extremes (ideas) completely dissolve. Their difference lies in the words they use to describe the Darmata. Shentong describes the Dharmata, the mind of Buddha, as 'ultimately real'; while Rangtong philosophers fear that if it is described that way, people might understand it as the concept of 'soul' or 'Atma'. The Shentong philosopher believes that there is a more serious possibility of misunderstanding in describing the Enlightened State as 'unreal' and 'void'. Kongtrul finds the Rangtong way of presentation the best to dissolve concepts and the Shentong way the best to describe the experience.^[135]

Zamonaviy stipendiya

Modern scholarship points to the various possible interpretations of Buddha Nature as either an essential self, as Sunyata, yoki sifatida inherent possibility of awakening.

Essential self

Shenpen Hookham, Oxford Buddhist scholar and Tibetan lama of the Shentong tradition writes of the Buddha-nature or "true self" as something real and permanent, and already present within the being as uncompounded enlightenment. She calls it "the Buddha within", and comments:

In scriptural terms, there can be no real objection to referring to Buddha, Buddhajnana [Buddha Awareness/ Buddha Knowledge], Nirvana and so forth as the True Self, unless the concept of Buddha and so forth being propounded can be shown to be impermanent, suffering, compounded, or imperfect in some way ... in Shentong terms, the non-self is about what is emas the case, and the Self of the Third Dharmachakra [i.e. the Buddha-nature doctrine] is about what truly IS.^[136]

Buddhist scholar and chronicler, Merv Fowler, writes that the Buddha-nature really is present as an essence within each being. Fowler comments:

The teaching that Buddha-nature is the hidden essence within all sentient beings is the main message of the tathagatagarbha literature, the earliest of which is the Tathagatagarbha Sutra. This short sutra says that all living beings are in essence identical to the Buddha regardless of their defilements or their continuing transmigration from life to life... As in the earlier traditions, there is present the idea that enlightenment, or nirvana, is not something which has to be achieved, it is something which is already there... In a way, it means that everyone is really a Buddha hozir.^[137]

Sunyata

According to Heng-Ching Shih, the tathāgatagarbha/Buddha-nature does not represent a substantial self (otman). Rather, it is a positive language expression of emptiness (śūnyatā), which emphasizes the potentiality to realize Buddhahood through Buddhist practices. The intention of the teaching of tathāgatagarbha/Buddha nature is soteriological rather than theoretical.^[93]

Pol Uilyams puts forward the Madhyamaka interpretation of the Buddha-nature as emptiness in the following terms:

… if one is a Madhyamika then that which enables sentient beings to become buddhas must be the very factor that enables the minds of sentient beings to change into the minds of Buddhas. That which enables things to change is their simple absence of inherent existence, their emptiness. Thus the tathagatagarbha becomes emptiness itself, but specifically emptiness when applied to the mental continuum.^[138]

Critical Buddhist interpretation

Several contemporary Japanese Buddhist scholars, headed under the label Tanqidiy buddizm (hihan bukkyō, 批判仏教), have been critical of Buddha-nature thought. According to Matsumoto Shirõ and Hakamaya Noriaki of Komazava universiteti, essentialist conceptions of Buddha-nature are at odds with the fundamental Buddhist doctrine of qaram kelib chiqishi and non-self (anatman).^[139][140] The Buddha nature doctrines which they label as dhātuvāda (“substantialism,”sometimes rendered “locus theory” or “topicalism”) and “generative monism” is not Buddhism at all.^[141] As defined by Matsumoto, this "locus" theory or dhātuvāda which he rejects as un-buddhist is: "It is the theory that the single (eka, sama) existent “locus” (dhatu) or basis is the cause that produces the manifold phenomena or “super-loci” (dharmah)."^[142] Matsumoto further argues that: "Tathagatagarbha thought was a Buddhist version of Hindu monism, formed by the influence of Hinduizm gradually introduced into Buddhism, especially after the rise of Mahayana Buddhism."^[142] Other Japanese scholars responded to this view leading to a lively debate in Japan. Takasaki Jikido, a well known authority on tathagathagarbha thought, accepted that Buddha nature theories are similar to Upanishadic theories and that dhātuvāda is an accurate expression of the structure of these doctrines, but argues that the Buddha nature texts are aware of this and that Buddha nature is not necessarily un-Buddhist or anti-Buddhist.^[143][142] Likewise, Hirakawa Akira, sees Buddha nature as the potential to attain Buddhahood which is not static but ever changing and argues that "dhatu" does not necessarily mean substratum (he points to some Agamalar which identify dhatu bilan pratitya-samutpada ).^[143]

Western scholars have reacted in different ways to this idea. Sallie B. King objects to their view, seeing the Buddha-nature as a metaphor for the potential in all beings to attain Buddhahood, rather than as an ontological reality.^[144] Robert H. Sharf notes that the worries of the Critical Buddhists is nothing new, for "the early tathāgatagarbha scriptures betray a similar anxiety, as they tacitly acknowledge that the doctrine is close to, if not identical with, the heretical ātmavāda teachings of the non- Buddhists."^[141] He also notes how the Nirvāṇa-sūtra "tacitly concedes the non-Buddhist roots of the tathāgatagarbha g'oya. "^[141] Sharf also has pointed out how certain Southern Chan masters were concerned with other interpretations of Buddha nature, showing how the tendency to critique certain views of Buddha nature is not new in East Asian Buddhism.^[141]

Peter N. Gregory has also argued that at least some East Asian interpretations of Buddha nature are equivalent to what Critical Buddhists call dhātuvāda, especially the work of Tsung-mi, who "emphasizes the underlying ontological ground on which all phenomenal appearances (xsiang) are based, which he variously refers to as the nature (hsing), the one mind (i-hsin)...".^[145] Ga binoan Dan Lusthaus, aniq Xitoy buddisti ideologies which became dominant in the 8th century promoted the idea of an "underlying metaphysical substratum" or "underlying, invariant, universal metaphysical 'source'" and thus do seem to be a kind of dhātuvāda. According to Lusthaus "in early T’ang China (7th–8th century) there was a deliberate attempt to divorce Chinese Buddhism from developments in India." Lusthaus notes that the Huayen thinker Fa-tsang was influential in this theological trend who promoted the idea that true Buddhism was about comprehending the "One Mind that alone is the ground of reality" (wei- hsin).^[146]

Paul Williams too has criticised this view, saying that Critical Buddhism is too narrow in its definition of what constitutes Buddhism. According to Williams, "We should abandon any simplistic identification of Buddhism with a straightforward not-Self definition".^[147]

Ko'p ma'no

Sutton agrees with Williams' critique on the narrowness of any single interpretation. In discussing the inadequacy of modern scholarship on Buddha-nature, Sutton states, "One is impressed by the fact that these authors, as a rule, tend to opt for a single meaning disregarding all other possible meanings which are embraced in turn by other texts".^[148] He goes on to point out that the term tathāgatagarbha has up to six possible connotations. Of these, he says the three most important are:

1. an underlying ontological reality or essential nature (tathāgata-tathatā-'vyatireka) which is functionally equivalent to a o'zini o'zi (otman) ichida Upanishadik ma'no,
2. The dharma-kāya which penetrates all beings (sarva-sattveṣu dharma-kāya-parispharaṇa), which is functionally equivalent to brahman ichida Upanishadik sezgi
3. barcha mavjudotlarda mavjud bo'lgan Buddaviylikning bachadoni yoki matritsasi (tathāgata-gotra-saṃbhava), bu mavjudotlarga uyg'onish imkoniyatini beradi.^[149][150]

Satton bu uchtadan faqat uchinchi kontsentratsiya har qanday soteriologik ahamiyatga ega, qolgan ikkitasi esa Budda-tabiatni ontologik voqelik va barcha hodisalar orqasidagi muhim tabiat deb ta'kidlaydi.^[151]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Manbalar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Umumiy

• Kalupaxana, Devid J. (1992), Buddist falsafasining tarixi. Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass nashriyoti
• Salli, B. King: Budda tabiati, Nyu-York shtati universiteti Press 1991, ISBN  0-7914-0428-5

Xitoy

• King, Sallie B. (1989). "Budda tabiati va inson tushunchasi". Sharq va G'arb falsafasi. 39 (2): 151–170. doi:10.2307/1399375. JSTOR  1399375. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 29 iyulda.
• Lusthaus, Dan (1998), Buddist falsafa, xitoy. In: Routledge falsafa entsiklopediyasi: indeks, Teylor va Frensis
• Lay, Whalen, Xitoyda buddizm: tarixiy tadqiqot (PDF), dan arxivlangan asl nusxasi (PDF) 2012 yil 16 sentyabrda

Tibet

• Brunnholzl, Karl (2009), Nurli yurak: ong, donolik va Budda tabiatiga oid uchinchi Karmapa. Snow Lion nashrlari. ISBN  978-1-55939-318-8
• Xukem, S.K. (1991), Budda ichkarisida: Ratnagotravibhaganing Shentong talqiniga ko'ra Tathagatagarbha doktrinasi., SUNY Press

Yaponiya

• Harada, Sekkei (2008), Zenning mohiyati. Sekkei Haradaning ta'limoti, Hikmat nashrlari

Tanqidiy buddizm

• Xabbard, Jeymi; Swanson, Pol Loren, nashr. (1997), Bodhi daraxtini kesish: tanqidiy buddizm ustidan bo'ron, Gavayi universiteti matbuoti

Tashqi havolalar

• Datni osib qo'ying, Chan urf-odatlarida Budda-tabiatning talqini
• Buddaning mohiyati haqida, Robert H. Sharf
• "Nirvana Sutra": "Nirvana Sutra" ning to'liq matni, shuningdek uning ta'limotlarini qadrlash. va Nirvana Sutra (2,6 MB)
• Laṅkāvatāra Sitra A Mahayana Matni
• Xodj, Stiven (2009 va 2012). "Mahayana Mahaparinirvana-sutraning matnli uzatilishi"